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The 1970s brought the [[microprocessor]] revolution with smaller, faster, and cheaper [[integrated circuits]].
+
== 1970s ==
 +
The [[1970]]s brought the [[4-bit architecture|4-bit]] and [[8-bit architecture|8-bit]] [[microprocessor]] revolution with smaller, faster, and cheaper [[integrated circuits]]  
 +
:packing all the components necessary for a fully functional system in one to three individual chips.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
−
! Year !! Qt !! Intel  !! National !! NEC !! Rockwell !! Motorola !! Toshiba !! Mostek !! GI !! AMI !! Hitachi !! Fairchild !! TI !! RCA !! Signetics !! AMD !! EA
+
! Year !! Qt !! [[Intel]] !! [[National Semiconductor|National]] !! [[NEC]] !! [[Rockwell International|Rockwell]] !! [[Motorola]] !! [[Toshiba]] !! [[Mostek]] !! [[General Instrument|GI]] !! [[AMI]] !! [[Hitachi]] !! [[Fairchild]] !! [[TI]] !! [[RCA]] !! [[Signetics]] !! [[AMD]] !! [[Zilog]] <!--[[Electronic Arrays|EA]]-->
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1971 || 1Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || [[Fairchild PPS-25|PPS-25]] || || || || ||
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1970]] || 1Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[1971]] || 1Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || [[Fairchild PPS-25|PPS-25]] || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 2Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| 3Q || || || [[NEC μPD707|μPD707]]<br>[[NEC μPD708|μPD708]] || || || || || || || || || [[TMX1795]] || || || ||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 4Q || [[Intel 4004|4004]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 4Q || [[Intel 4004|4004]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1972 || 1Q || [[Intel 8008|8008]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1972]] || 1Q || || || [[NEC μPD700|μPD700]] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2Q || || || || [[Rockwell PPS-4|PPS-4]] || || || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| 2Q || [[Intel 8008|8008]] || || || [[Rockwell PPS-4|PPS-4]] || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Line 21: Line 31:
 
| 4Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 4Q ||  || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1973 || 1Q || || [[National IMP-16|IMP-16]] || [[NEC uPD751|uPD751]] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1973]] || 1Q || || [[National IMP-16|IMP-16]] || [[NEC μPD751|μPD751]] || || || || || || {{ami|6200}} || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2Q ||  || || || || || [[Toshiba T3472|T3472]]<ref group=note1>Exact release date is unknown</ref> || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| 2Q ||  || || || || || [[Toshiba TLCS-12|TLCS-12]] || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 3Q || || || [[NEC μCOM 4|μCOM 4]] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
+
| 3Q || || [[National IMP-4|IMP-4]] || [[NEC μCOM 4|μCOM 4]] || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1974 || 1Q || [[Intel 8080|8080]] || || [[National IMP-8|IMP-8]] || || || || [[Mostek 5065|5065]] || || || || || [[TMS1000]] || || || ||
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1974]] || 1Q || [[Intel 8080|8080]] || [[National IMP-8|IMP-8]] || || || || || [[Mostek 5065|5065]] || || {{ami|7300}} || || || [[ti/tms1000|TMS1000]] || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2Q || || || || || [[Motorola 6800|6800]] || [[Toshiba T3190|T3190]] || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 2Q || || || || || [[Motorola 6800|6800]] || [[Toshiba T3190|T3190]] || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 3Q || [[Intel 3000|3000]] || || || || || [[Toshiba TLCS-12|TLCS-12]] || || [[GI CP1600|CP1600]] || || || || || || || ||
+
| 3Q || [[Intel 3000|3000]] || || || || || <!--[[Toshiba TLCS-12|TLCS-12]]--> || || [[GI CP1600|CP1600]] || || [[hitachi/hmcs-4|HMCS-4]]<br>[[Hitachi HD35404|HD35404]] || [[Fairchild F8|F8]] || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 4Q || [[Intel 4040|4040]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[1975]] || 1Q || || || || [[Rockwell PPS-8|PPS-8]] || || || || || {{ami|9209}} || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2Q ||  || || [[NEC μCOM 80|μCOM 80]] || || || || [[MOS Technology 6502|6502]] <br>([[MOS Technology|MOS]]) || {{gi|series 8000|8000}} || || || [[fairchild/9400|9400]] || || [[RCA CDP 1801|CDP 1801]] || [[Signetics 2650|2650]] || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 3Q || || || [[NEC μCOM 16|μCOM 16]] || [[Rockwell PPS-4/2|PPS-4/2]] || || || || || {{ami|S9900P}} || || || || || || [[AMD Am2900|Am2900]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || [[AMD Am9080|Am9080]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[1976]] || 1Q || || <!--[[National SC/MP|SC/MP]]--> || || || || || || || || || || || || || || [[EA9002]]
 +
|-
 +
| 2Q || || [[National ISP-8|ISP-8]]<br>(SC/MP) || [[NEC μCOM 41|μCOM 41]] || || [[MC14500B|14500B]] || [[toshiba/t3400|T3400]]<br>[[Toshiba T3472|T3472]] || || {{gi|pic|PIC1650}} || || [[HMCS-6800]] || || [[ti/tms9900|TMS9900]] || [[RCA CDP 1802|CDP 1802]] || [[Signetics 8x300|8x300]] || || [[Zilog Z80|Z80]]
 +
|-
 +
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| rowspan="4" | [[1977]] || 1Q || {{intel|8085}} || || || || || || || || [[american microsystems/s2000|S2000]] || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 4Q || [[Intel 4040|4040]] || || || || || || || || || [[National IMP-4|IMP-4]] || || || || || ||
+
| 2Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1975 || 1Q || || || || [[Rockwell PPS-8|PPS-8]] || || || || || [[AMI 9209|9209]] || [[Hitachi HD35404|HD35404]] || [[Fairchild F8|F8]] || || || ||
+
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2Q || || || [[NEC μCOM 80|μCOM 80]] || || || || || || || || || || [[RCA COSMAC 1801|COSMAC 1801]] || [[Signetics 2650|2650]] || ||
+
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 3Q || || || || [[Rockwell PPS-4/2|PPS-4/2]] || || || || || || || || || [[RCA COSMAC 1802|COSMAC 1802]] || || [[AMD Am9080|Am9080]] ||
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1978]] || 1Q || {{intel|8086}} || || || || [[Motorola 6801|6801]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2Q || || || || || [[Motorola 6809|6809]] || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| rowspan="4" | 1976 || 1Q || || [[National SC/MP|SC/MP]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || || [[EA9002]]
+
| rowspan="4" | [[1979]] || 1Q || {{intel|8088}} || || || || [[Motorola 68000|68000]] || || || || || || || || || || || [[Zilog Z8000|Z8000]]  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2Q || || || [[NEC μCOM 41|μCOM 41]] || || || || || || || [[HMCS-6800]] || || || || ||
+
| 2Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 3Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 
| 4Q || || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
=== Microprocessor chronology ===
 +
*1975 MN1610 Panafacom
 +
*1975 6100 Intersil
 +
*1975 2650 Signetics
 +
*1975 PPS-8 Rockwell
 +
*1975 F8 Fairchild
 +
*1975 CDP 1801 RCA
 +
*1975 6502 MOS Technology
 +
*1976 CDP 1802 RCA
 +
*1976 Z-80 Zilog
 +
*1976 TMS9900 Texas Instruments
 +
*1976 8x300 Signetics
 +
*1977 8085 Intel
 +
*1978 6809 Motorola
 +
*1978 8086 Intel
 +
*1978 6801 Motorola
 +
*1979 Z8000 Zilog
 +
*1979 8088 Intel
 +
*1979 68000 Motorola
 +
<!--
 +
<pre>
 +
Microprocessor chronology
 +
 +
1 1970s
 +
2 1980s
 +
3 1990s
 +
4 2000s
 +
5 2010s
 +
6 See also
 +
7 References
 +
 +
1970s
 +
The first microprocessors were manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used NMOS logic and they experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, 8-bit processors superseded the 4-bit chips. 16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit. The Intel 4004 was widely regarded as the first-ever microprocessor.
 +
 +
Date Name Developer Max clock (first version) Word size (bits) Process Transistors
 +
 +
1971 4004 Intel 740 kHz 4 10 µm 2,250 pMOS
 +
1971 μPD707/μPD708 NEC 4 Multi-chip[1]
 +
1972 μPD700 NEC 4 [2][3]
 +
1972 PPS-25 Fairchild 400 kHz 4 Multi-chip, pMOS[4][5]
 +
1972 8008 Intel 500 kHz 8 10 μm 3,500 pMOS
 +
1972 PPS-4 Rockwell 200 kHz 4 pMOS[6][7]
 +
1973 μCOM 4 NEC 1 MHz 4 2,500 NMOS[8][1]
 +
1973 TLCS-12 Toshiba 1 MHz 12 NMOS[9][2]
 +
1973 Mini-D Burroughs 1 MHz 8 pMOS[10]
 +
1974 IMP-8 National 715 kHz 8 Multi-chip, pMOS[9]
 +
1974 8080 Intel 2 MHz 8 6 μm 6,000 NMOS
 +
1974 5065 Mostek 1.4 MHz 8 pMOS[11]
 +
1974 TLCS-12 Toshiba 1 MHz 12 NMOS[9]
 +
1974 IMP-4 National 500 kHz 4 Multi-chip, pMOS[9]
 +
1974 4040 Intel 740 kHz 4 10 μm 3,000 pMOS
 +
1974 6800 Motorola 1 MHz 8 - 4,100 NMOS[9]
 +
1974 TMS 1000 Texas Instruments 400 kHz 4 8 μm 8,000
 +
1974 ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP) National 1 MHz 8 P Channel MOS technology
 +
1975 MN1610 Panafacom 2 MHz 16 [12][13]
 +
1975 6100 Intersil 4 MHz 12 - 4,000 CMOS[14][15]
 +
1975 2650 Signetics 1.2 MHz 8 NMOS[9]
 +
1975 PPS-8 Rockwell 256 kHz 8 pMOS[9]
 +
1975 F-8 Fairchild 2 MHz 8 NMOS[9]
 +
1975 CDP 1801 RCA 2 MHz 8 5 μm 5,000 CMOS two-chip[16][17]
 +
1975 6502 MOS Technology 1 MHz 8 - 3,510 dynamic NMOS
 +
1976 CDP 1802 RCA 6.4 MHz 8 CMOS[18][19]
 +
1976 Z-80 Zilog 2.5 MHz 8 4 μm 8,500 NMOS
 +
1976 TMS9900 Texas Instruments 3.3 MHz 16 - 8,000
 +
1976 8x300 Signetics 8 MHz 8 Bipolar[20][21]
 +
1977 8085 Intel 3.0 MHz 8 3 μm 6,500
 +
1978 6809 Motorola 1 MHz 8 5 μm 40,000
 +
1978 8086 Intel 5 MHz 16 3 μm 29,000
 +
1978 6801 Motorola - 8 5 μm 35,000
 +
1979 Z8000 Zilog - 16 - 17,500
 +
1979 8088 Intel 5 MHz 8/16[22] 3 μm 29,000 NMOS HMOS
 +
1979 68000 Motorola 8 MHz 16/32[23] 3.5 μm 68,000 NMOS HMOS
 +
</pre> -->
 +
 +
== 1980s ==
 +
In the [[1980]]s, [[16-bit architecture|16-bit]] and [[32-bit architecture|32-bit]] microprocessors were common among new designs, and [[CMOS]] technology overtook [[NMOS]].
 +
:Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Year !! [[Intel]]  !! [[National Semiconductor|National]] !! [[NEC]] !! [[MIPS]] !! [[RISC]] !! [[Motorola]] !! [[IBM]] !! [[DEC]] !! [[Harris]] !! [[Hitachi]] !! [[Fairchild]] !! [[HP]] !! [[Sun]] !! [[Acorn]] !! [[AMD]] !! [[Zilog]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1980]] || || [[National 16032|16032]] || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1981]] || || || || || || || [[IBM ROMP|ROMP]] || [[DEC T-11|T-11]] || [[Harris 6120|6120]] || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1982]] || {{intel|80186}}<br>{{intel|80286}} <!--(80C186/80188)--> || || || || [[RISC-I]] <!--(UC Berkeley)--> || || || || || || || [[Hewlett Packard FOCUS|FOCUS]] || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1983]] || || || || [[MIPS]] || [[RISC-II]] || || || || || || || || || [[ARM]] || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1984]] || || [[National 32032|32032]] || [[NEC V20|V20]] || || || {{motorola|68020}} || || || || || || || || || {{amd|am186}}<br>{{amd|am286}} ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1985]] || {{intel|80386}} || || || [[MIPS R2000|R2000]] || || || || [[DEC MicroVAX II 78032|MicroVAX <br>II 78032]] || [[Harris Novix NC4016|Novix <br>NC4016]] || || [[Fairchild F9450|F9450]] || || || [[ARM1]] || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1986]] || || || [[NEC V60|V60]] || || || || || || || || || || [[Sun SPARC|SPARC]]<br>([[sparc/list of processor families|List]]) || || || [[Zilog Z80000|Z80000]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1987]] || || || [[NEC V70|V70]] || || || {{motorola|68030}} || || [[DEC CVAX 78034|CVAX <br>78034]] || || [[Hitachi Gmicro/200|Gmicro<br>/ 200]] || || || || [[ARM2]] || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1988]] || {{intel|80386}}SX <br>{{intel|i960}} || || || [[MIPS R3000|R3000]] || || || || || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1989]] || {{intel|80486}} <br>{{intel|i860}} || || || || || || || [[DEC VAX DC520|VAX <br>DC520]] <!--(Rigel)--> || || || || || || [[ARM3]] || ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
<!-- <pre>
 +
1980s
 +
In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.
 +
 +
The home computers of the 1980s predominantly used processors that were introduced in the 1970s. Versions of the Motorola 6502, first released in 1975, and the Zilog Z80 (1976), were at the core of many of the home computers, such as the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum. Even the first-generation IBM PC used a processor from the 1970s, the Intel 8088.
 +
 +
It was not until Intel's 80286 (in the IBM PC AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These processors offered higher clock speeds and 32-bit word length as well as new operating modes, such as protected mode, that were not available in earlier chips. Critically, protected mode allowed the use of virtual memory and brought the graphical user interface to business computers, beginning with Microsoft Windows 2.0.
 +
 +
Date Name Developer Clock Word size (bits) Process Transistors
 +
 +
1980 16032 National Semiconductor - 16/32 - 60,000
 +
1981 6120 Harris Corporation 10 MHz 12 - 20,000 CMOS[24]
 +
1981 ROMP IBM 10 MHz 32 2 µm 45,000
 +
1981 T-11 DEC 2.5 MHz 16 5 µm 17,000 NMOS
 +
1982 RISC-I [25] UC Berkeley 1 MHz - 5 µm 44,420 NMOS
 +
1982 FOCUS Hewlett Packard 18 MHz 32 1.5 µm 450,000
 +
1982 80186 Intel 6 MHz 16 - 55,000
 +
? 80C186 Intel 6 MHz 16 - ? CMOS
 +
1982 80188 Intel 8 MHz 8/16 - 29,000
 +
1982 80286 Intel 6 MHz 16 1.5 µm 134,000
 +
1983 RISC-II UC Berkeley 3 MHz - 3 µm 40,760 NMOS
 +
1983 MIPS [26] Stanford University 2 MHz 32 3 µm 25,000
 +
1984 68020 Motorola 16 MHz 32 2 µm 190,000
 +
1984 32032 National Semiconductor - 32 - 70,000
 +
1984 V20 NEC 5 MHz 8/16 - 63,000
 +
1985 80386 Intel 16–40 MHz 32 1.5 µm 275,000
 +
1985 MicroVax II 78032 DEC 5 MHz 32 3.0 µm 125,000
 +
1985 R2000 MIPS 8 MHz 32 2 µm 115,000
 +
1985 Novix NC4016 Harris Corporation 8 MHz 16 3 μm[28] 16,000[29]
 +
1986 Z80000 Zilog - 32 - 91,000
 +
1986 SPARC Sun 40 MHz 32 0.8 µm 800,000
 +
1986 V60 [30] NEC 16 MHz 16/32 1.5 µm 375,000
 +
1987 CVAX 78034 DEC 12.5 MHz 32 2.0 µm 134,000
 +
1987 ARM2 Acorn 8 MHz 32 2 µm 25,000[31]
 +
1987 Gmicro/200 [32] Hitachi 1.0 µm 730,000
 +
1987 68030 Motorola 16 MHz 32 1.3 µm 273,000
 +
1987 V70 [30] NEC 20 MHz 16/32 1.5 µm 385,000
 +
1988 R3000 MIPS 12 MHz 32 1.2 µm 120,000
 +
1988 80386SX Intel 12–33 MHz 16/32
 +
1988 i960 Intel 10 MHz 33/32 1.5 µm 250,000
 +
1989 VAX DC520 "Rigel" DEC 35 MHz 32 1.5 µm 320,000
 +
1989 80486 Intel 25 MHz 32 1 µm 1,180,000
 +
1989 i860 Intel 25 MHz 32 1 µm 1,000,000
 +
-->
 +
 +
== 1990s ==
 +
The [[32-bit]] microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the [[1990]]s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999,
 +
:and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In 1990s, microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM. <!-- Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components. Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed. Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and a FSB speed of 100–133 MHz. Only the processor's internal clock speed is shown here.-->
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Year !! [[Intel]]  !! [[National Semiconductor|National]] !! [[NEC]] !! [[MIPS]] !! [[RISC]] !! [[Motorola]] !! [[IBM]] !! [[DEC]] !! [[Hitachi]] !! [[Fujitsu]] <br>([[HAL Computer Systems|HAL]]) !! [[HP]] <!-- Hewlett Packard --> !! [[Sun]] !! [[ARM]] !! [[AMD]] !! [[QED]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1990]] || || || || || || {{motorola|68040}} || [[POWER]]{{ibm|POWER1|1}} || || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1991]] || || || || [[MIPS R4000|R4000]] || || || {{ibm|RSC}} || [[DEC NVAX|NVAX]] || || || || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1992]] || || || || || || || || {{decc|Alpha 21064|Alpha<br>21064|l=arch}} || [[Hitachi SuperH|SuperH]] || || [[HP PA-7100|PA-7100]] || [[Sun microSPARC|micro<br>SPARC]] I || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1993]] || [[Pentium]] || || || || || {{motorola|PowerPC 601}} || [[POWER]]{{ibm|POWER2|2}} || || || || [[HP PA-7100LC|PA-7100LC]] || || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1994]] || || || || || || {{motorola|PowerPC 603}}<br>{{motorola|PowerPC 604}} || [[PowerPC]] || {{decc|Alpha 21064|Alpha<br>21064|l=arch}}A || || || [[HP PA-7200|PA-7200]] || || || || [[QED R4600|R4600]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1995]] || {{intel|Pentium}} Pro || || || || || {{motorola|68060}} || || {{decc|Alpha 21164|Alpha<br>21164|l=arch}} || || {{fujitsu|SPARC64}} || || [[UltraSPARC|Ultra<br>SPARC]] || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1996]] || || || || [[MIPS R10000|R10000]]<!--MTI--> || || || {{ibm|P2SC}} || {{decc|Alpha 21164|Alpha <br>21164|l=arch}}A || || {{fujitsu|SPARC64}} II || [[HP PA-8000|PA-8000]] || || || [[AMD K5|K5]] || [[QED R5000|R5000]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1997]] || [[Pentium]] II || || || || || {{motorola|PowerPC 620}}<br>{{motorola|PowerPC 750}} || {{ibm|RS64}}<br>{{ibm|S/390 G4}} || || || || || [[UltraSPARC|Ultra<br>SPARC]] IIs || || [[AMD K6|K6]] ||
 +
|-
 +
| [[1998]] || || || || [[MIPS R12000|R12000]] || || [[PowerPC]] || {{ibm|RS64-II}}<br>{{ibm|S/390 G5}}<br>[[POWER]]{{ibm|POWER3|3}} || {{decc|Alpha 21264|Alpha<br>21264|l=arch}} || || {{fujitsu|SPARC64}} III || [[HP PA-8500|PA-8500]] || || || || [[QED R7000|R7000]]
 +
|-
 +
| [[1999]] || [[Pentium]] III || || || || || {{motorola|PowerPC 7400}} || {{ibm|RS64-III}} || || || || || || || {{amd|Athlon}} ||
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
<references group="note1"/>
+
<!--
 +
<pre>
 +
Date Name Developer Clock Word size (bits) Process Transistors threads per core
 +
1990 68040 Motorola 40 MHz 32 - 1.2
 +
1990 POWER1 IBM 20–30 MHz 32 1.0 µm 6.9
 +
1991 R4000 MIPS Computer Systems 100 MHz 64 0.8 µm 1.35
 +
1991 NVAX DEC 62–90 MHz - 0.75 µm 1.3
 +
1991 RSC IBM 33 MHz 32 0.8 µm 1.0 [33]
 +
1992 SuperH Hitachi 20–50 MHz 32 [34]
 +
1992 Alpha 21064 DEC 100–200 MHz 64 0.75 µm 1.68
 +
1992 microSPARC I Sun 40–50 MHz 32 0.8 µm 0.8
 +
1992 PA-7100 Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 32 0.80 µm 0.85 [35]
 +
1993 PowerPC 601 IBM, Motorola 50–80 MHz 32 0.6 µm 2.8
 +
1993 Pentium Intel 60–66 MHz 32 0.8 µm 3.1
 +
1993 POWER2 IBM 55–71.5 MHz 32 0.72 µm 23
 +
1994 68060 Motorola 50 MHz 32 0.6 µm 2.5
 +
1994 Alpha 21064A DEC 200–300 MHz 64 0.5 µm 2.85
 +
1994 R4600 QED 100–125 MHz 64 0.65 µm 2.2
 +
1994 PA-7200 Hewlett Packard 125 MHz 32 0.55 µm 1.26
 +
1994 PowerPC 603 IBM, Motorola 60–120 MHz 32 0.5 µm 1.6
 +
1994 PowerPC 604 IBM, Motorola 100–180 MHz 32 0.5 µm 3.6
 +
1994 PA-7100LC Hewlett Packard 100 MHz 32 0.75 µm 0.90
 +
1995 Alpha 21164 DEC 266–333 MHz 64 0.5 µm 9.3
 +
1995 UltraSPARC Sun 143–167 MHz 64 0.47 µm 5.2
 +
1995 SPARC64 HAL Computer Systems 101–118 MHz 64 0.40 µm -
 +
1995 Pentium Pro Intel 150–200 MHz 32 0.35 µm 5.5
 +
1996 Alpha 21164A DEC 400–500 MHz 64 0.35 µm 9.7
 +
1996 K5 AMD 75–100 MHz 32 0.5 µm 4.3
 +
1996 R10000 MTI 150–250 MHz 64 0.35 µm 6.7
 +
1996 R5000 QED 180–250 MHz - 0.35 µm 3.7
 +
1996 SPARC64 II HAL Computer Systems 141–161 MHz 64 0.35 µm -
 +
1996 PA-8000 Hewlett-Packard 160–180 MHz 64 0.50 µm 3.8
 +
1996 P2SC IBM 150 MHz 32 0.29 µm 15
 +
1997 RS64 IBM 125 MHz 64 ? nm ?
 +
1997 Pentium II Intel 233–300 MHz 32 0.35 µm 7.5
 +
1997 PowerPC 620 IBM, Motorola 120–150 MHz 64 0.35 µm 6.9
 +
1997 UltraSPARC IIs Sun 250–400 MHz 64 0.35 µm 5.4
 +
1997 S/390 G4 IBM 370 MHz 32 0.5 µm 7.8
 +
1997 PowerPC 750 IBM, Motorola 233–366 MHz 32 0.26 µm 6.35
 +
1997 K6 AMD 166–233 MHz 32 0.35 µm 8.8
 +
1998 RS64-II IBM 262 MHz 64 350 nm 12.5
 +
1998 Alpha 21264 DEC 450–600 MHz 64 0.35 µm 15.2
 +
1998 MIPS R12000 SGI 270–400 MHz 64 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm 6.9
 +
1998 RM7000 QED 250–300 MHz - 0.25 µm 18
 +
1998 SPARC64 III HAL Computer Systems 250–330 MHz 64 0.24 µm 17.6
 +
1998 S/390 G5 IBM 500 MHz 32 0.25 µm 25
 +
1998 PA-8500 Hewlett Packard 300–440 MHz 64 0.25 µm 140
 +
1998 POWER3 IBM 200 MHz 64 0.25 µm 15
 +
1999 Pentium III Intel 450–600 MHz 32 0.25 µm 9.5
 +
1999 RS64-III IBM 450 MHz 64 220 nm 34 2
 +
1999 PowerPC 7400 Motorola 350–500 MHz 32 200–130 nm 10.5
 +
1999 Athlon AMD 500–1000 MHz 32 0.25 µm 22
 +
</pre> -->
 +
 
 +
=== 2000s ===
 +
<!--
 +
2000s
 +
64-bit processors became mainstream in the 2000s. Microprocessor clock speeds reached a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Instead of implementing expensive and impractical cooling systems, manufacturers turned to parallel computing in the form of the multi-core processor. Overclocking had its roots in the 1990s, but came into its own in the 2000s. Off-the-shelf cooling systems designed for overclocked processors became common, and the gaming PC had its advent as well. Over the decade, transistor counts increased by about an order of magnitude, a trend continued from previous decades. Process sizes decreased about fourfold, from 180 nm to 45 nm.
 +
 
 +
Date Name Developer Clock Process Transistors (M) Cores per die/Dies per module
 +
 
 +
2000 Athlon XP AMD 1.33–1.73 GHz 180 nm 37.5 1 / 1
 +
2000 Duron AMD 550 MHz–1.3 GHz 180 nm 25 1 / 1
 +
2000 RS64-IV IBM 600–750 MHz 180 nm 44 1 / 2
 +
2000 Pentium 4 Intel 1.3–2 GHz 180–130 nm 42 1 / 1
 +
2000 SPARC64 IV Fujitsu 450–810 MHz 130 nm - 1 / 1
 +
2000 z900 IBM 918 MHz 180 nm 47 1 / 12, 20
 +
2001 MIPS R14000 SGI 500–600 MHz 130 nm 7.2 1 / 1
 +
2001 POWER4 IBM 1.1–1.4 GHz 180–130 nm 174 2 / 1, 4
 +
2001 UltraSPARC III Sun 750–1200 MHz 130 nm 29 1 / 1
 +
2001 Itanium Intel 733–800 MHz 180 nm 25 1 / 1
 +
2001 PowerPC 7450 Motorola 733–800 MHz 180–130 nm 33 1 / 1
 +
2002 SPARC64 V Fujitsu 1.1–1.35 GHz 130 nm 190 1 / 1
 +
2002 Itanium 2 Intel 0.9–1 GHz 180 nm 410 1 / 1
 +
2003 PowerPC 970 IBM 1.6–2.0 GHz 130–90 nm 52 1 / 1
 +
2003 Pentium M Intel 0.9–1.7 GHz 130–90 nm 77 1 / 1
 +
2003 Opteron AMD 1.4–2.4 GHz 130 nm 106 1 / 1
 +
2004 POWER5 IBM 1.65–1.9 GHz 130–90 nm 276 2 / 1, 2, 4
 +
2004 PowerPC BGL IBM 700 MHz 130 nm 95 2 / 1
 +
2005 Opteron "Athens" AMD 1.6–3.0 GHz 90 nm 114 1 / 1
 +
2005 Pentium D Intel 2.8–3.2 GHz 90 nm 115 1 / 2
 +
2005 Athlon 64 X2 AMD 2–2.4 GHz 90 nm 243 2 / 1
 +
2005 PowerPC 970MP IBM 1.2–2.5 GHz 90 nm 183 2 / 1
 +
2005 UltraSPARC IV Sun 1.05–1.35 GHz 130 nm 66 2 / 1
 +
2005 UltraSPARC T1 Sun 1–1.4 GHz 90 nm 300 8 / 1
 +
2005 Xenon IBM 3.2 GHz 90–45 nm 165 3 / 1
 +
2006 Core Duo Intel 1.1–2.33 GHz 90–65 nm 151 2 / 1
 +
2006 Core 2 Intel 1.06–2.67 GHz 65–45 nm 291 2 / 1, 2
 +
2006 Cell/B.E. IBM, Sony, Toshiba 3.2–4.6 GHz 90–45 nm 241 1+8 / 1
 +
2006 Itanium "Montecito" Intel 1.4–1.6 GHz 90 nm 1720 2 / 1
 +
2007 POWER6 IBM 3.5–4.7 GHz 65 nm 790 2 / 1
 +
2007 SPARC64 VI Fujitsu 2.15–2.4 GHz 90 nm 543 2 / 1
 +
2007 UltraSPARC T2 Sun 1–1.4 GHz 65 nm 503 8 / 1
 +
2007 TILE64 Tilera 600–900 MHz 90–45 nm ? 64 / 1
 +
2007 Opteron "Barcelona" AMD 1.8–3.2 GHz 65 nm 463 4 / 1
 +
2007 PowerPC BGP IBM 850 MHz 90 nm 208 4 / 1
 +
2008 Phenom AMD 1.8–2.6 GHz 65 nm 450 2, 3, 4 / 1
 +
2008 z10 IBM 4.4 GHz 65 nm 993 4 / 7
 +
2008 PowerXCell 8i IBM 2.8–4.0 GHz 65 nm 250 1+8 / 1
 +
2008 SPARC64 VII Fujitsu 2.4–2.88 GHz 65 nm 600 4 / 1
 +
2008 Atom Intel 0.8–1.6 GHz 65–45 nm 47 1 / 1
 +
2008 Core i7 Intel 2.66–3.2 GHz 45–32 nm 730 2, 4, 6 / 1
 +
2008 TILEPro64 Tilera 600–866 MHz 90–45 nm ? 64 / 1
 +
2008 Opteron "Shanghai" AMD 2.3–2.9 GHz 45 nm 751 4 / 1
 +
2009 Phenom II AMD 2.5–3.2 GHz 45 nm 758 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1
 +
2009 Opteron "Istanbul" AMD 2.2–2.8 GHz 45 nm 904 6 / 1
 +
 
 +
2010s
 +
Date Name Developer Clock Process Transistors (M) Cores per die / Dies per module threads per core
 +
 
 +
2010 POWER7 IBM 3–4.14 GHz 45 nm 1200 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 4
 +
2010 Itanium "Tukwila" Intel 2 GHz 65 nm 2000 2, 4 / 1 2
 +
2010 Opteron "Magny-cours" AMD 1.7–2.4 GHz 45 nm 1810 4, 6 / 2 1
 +
2010 Xeon "Nehalem-EX" Intel 1.73–2.66 GHz 45 nm 2300 4, 6, 8 / 1 2
 +
2010 z196 IBM 3.8–5.2 GHz 45 nm 1400 4 / 1, 6 1
 +
2010 SPARC T3 Sun 1.6 GHz 45 nm 2000 16 / 1 8
 +
2010 SPARC64 VII+ Fujitsu 2.66–3.0 GHz 45 nm ? 4 / 1 2
 +
2010 Intel "Westmere" Intel 1.86–3.33 GHz 32 nm 1170 4–6 / 1 2
 +
2011 Intel "Sandy Bridge" Intel 1.6–3.4 GHz 32 nm 995[36] 2, 4 / 1 (1,) 2
 +
2011 AMD Llano AMD 1.0–1.6 GHz 40 nm 380[37] 1, 2 / 1 1
 +
2011 Xeon E7 Intel 1.73–2.67 GHz 32 nm 2600 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 1–2
 +
2011 Power ISA BGQ IBM 1.6 GHz 45 nm 1470 18 / 1 4
 +
2011 SPARC64 VIIIfx Fujitsu 2.0 GHz 45 nm 760 8 / 1 2
 +
2011 FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos AMD 3.1–3.6 GHz 32 nm 1200[38] 4–8 / 2 1
 +
2011 SPARC T4 Oracle 2.8–3 GHz 40 nm 855 8 / 1 8
 +
2012 SPARC64 IXfx Fujitsu 1.848 GHz 40 nm 1870 16 / 1 2
 +
2012 zEC12 IBM 5.5 GHz 32 nm 2750 6 / 6 1
 +
2012 POWER7+ IBM 3.1–5.3 GHz 32 nm 2100 8 / 1, 2 4
 +
2012 Itanium "Poulson" Intel 1.73–2.53 GHz 32 nm 3100 8 / 1 2
 +
2013 Intel "Haswell" Intel 1.9–4.4 GHz 22 nm 1400 4 / 1 2
 +
2013 SPARC64 X Fujitsu 2.8–3 GHz 28 nm 2950 16 / 1 2
 +
2013 SPARC T5 Oracle 3.6 GHz 28 nm 1500 16 / 1 8
 +
2014 POWER8 IBM 2.5–5 GHz 22 nm 4200 6, 12 / 1, 2 8
 +
 
 +
See also
 +
Transistor count per chip, chronology
 +
Timeline of instructions per second - architectural chip performance chronology
 +
Tick-Tock model
 +
References and notes
 +
 
 +
References
 +
↑ 1.0 1.1 "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
 +
↑ 2.0 2.1 1970年代 マイコンの開発と発展 ～集積回路, Semiconductor History Museum of Japan
 +
↑ Jeffrey A. Hart & Sangbae Kim (2001), The Defense of Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Information Order, International Studies Association, Chicago
 +
↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 57–59, 77
 +
↑ According to Ogdin 1975, the Fairchild PPS-25 was first delivered in 2Q 1971 and the Intel 4004 in 4Q 1971.
 +
↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 72, 77
 +
↑ "Rockwell PPS-4". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
 +
↑ Ryoichi Mori; Hiroaki Tajima; Morihiko Tajima; Yoshikuni Okada (October 1977). "Microprocessors in Japan". Euromicro Newsletter. 3 (4): 50–7. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0. {{cite journal}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
 +
↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Ogdin 1975, p. 77
 +
↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 55, 77
 +
↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 65, 77
 +
↑ "16-bit Microprocessors". CPU Museum. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
 +
↑ "History". PFU. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
 +
↑ Little, Jeff (2009-03-04). "Intersil Intercept Jr". ClassicCmp.
 +
↑ "Intersil IM6100 CMOS 12 Bit Microprocessor family databook" (PDF).
 +
↑ "RCA COSMAC 1801". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
 +
↑ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975.
 +
↑ "RCA COSMAC 1802". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
 +
↑ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest. 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976.
 +
↑ Hans Hoffman; John Nemec (April 1977). "A fast microprocessor for control applications". Euromicro Newsletter. 3 (3): 53–59. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90010-4.
 +
↑ "Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
 +
↑ The Intel 8088 had an 8-bit external data bus but internally used a 16-bit architecture.
 +
↑ The Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit external data bus but internally used 32-bit registers.
 +
↑ Harris CMOS Digital Data Book (PDF). pp. 4-3–21.
 +
↑ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
 +
↑ Patterson, David A. (1985). "Reduced instruction set computers". Communications of the ACM. 28: 8. doi:10.1145/2465.214917.
 +
↑ "Forth chips list". UltraTechnology. 2010.
 +
↑ Koopman, Philip J. (1989). "4.4 Architecture of the NOVIX NC4016". Stack Computers: the new wave. E. Horwood. ISBN 0745804187. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
 +
↑ Hand, Tom (1994). "The Harris RTX 2000 Microcontroller" (PDF). Journal of Forth Application and Research. 6 (1). ISSN 0738-2022.
 +
↑ 30.0 30.1 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y (1988). "Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function". IEEE Micro. 8 (2): 22–36. doi:10.1109/40.527.
 +
↑ C Green; P Gülzow; L Johnson; K Meinzer; J Miller (Mar–Apr 1999). "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D". Amsat Journal. 22 (2). The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors
 +
↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K (1988). "Realization of Gmicro/200". IEEE Micro. 8 (2): 12–21. doi:10.1109/40.526.
 +
↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 200–4. ISBN 0-8186-3110-4. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
 +
↑ https://www.renesas.com/en-eu/products/microcontrollers-microprocessors/superh.html
 +
↑ "PA-RISC Processors". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
 +
↑ Anand Lal Shimpi (10 January 2011). "A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die". AnandTech.
 +
↑ renethx (10 November 2011). "AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?". AVS Forum. {{cite web}}: |chapter= ignored (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
 +
↑ "AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B". AnandTech. 2 December 2011.
 +
Notes
 +
sandpile.org for x86 processor information
 +
Ogdin, Jerry (January 1975). "Microprocessor scorecard". Euromicro Newsletter. 1 (2): 43–77. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 +
</pre>
 +
-->
 +
 
 +
== See also ==
 +
* [[4-bit architecture]]
 +
* [[8-bit architecture]]
 +
* [[12-bit architecture]]
 +
* [[16-bit architecture]]
 +
 
 +
[[Category:microprocessor chronology]]

Latest revision as of 21:34, 28 October 2025

1970s[edit]

The 1970s brought the 4-bit and 8-bit microprocessor revolution with smaller, faster, and cheaper integrated circuits

packing all the components necessary for a fully functional system in one to three individual chips.
Year Qt Intel National NEC Rockwell Motorola Toshiba Mostek GI AMI Hitachi Fairchild TI RCA Signetics AMD Zilog
1970 1Q
2Q
3Q
4Q
1971 1Q PPS-25
2Q
3Q μPD707
μPD708 		TMX1795
4Q 4004
1972 1Q μPD700
2Q 8008 PPS-4
3Q
4Q
1973 1Q IMP-16 μPD751 6200
2Q TLCS-12
3Q IMP-4 μCOM 4
4Q
1974 1Q 8080 IMP-8 5065 7300 TMS1000
2Q 6800 T3190
3Q 3000 CP1600 HMCS-4
HD35404 		F8
4Q 4040
1975 1Q PPS-8 9209
2Q μCOM 80 6502
(MOS) 		8000 9400 CDP 1801 2650
3Q μCOM 16 PPS-4/2 S9900P Am2900
4Q Am9080
1976 1Q EA9002
2Q ISP-8
(SC/MP) 		μCOM 41 14500B T3400
T3472 		PIC1650 HMCS-6800 TMS9900 CDP 1802 8x300 Z80
3Q
4Q
1977 1Q 8085 S2000
2Q
3Q
4Q
1978 1Q 8086 6801
2Q 6809
3Q
4Q
1979 1Q 8088 68000 Z8000
2Q
3Q
4Q

Microprocessor chronology[edit]

  • 1975 MN1610 Panafacom
  • 1975 6100 Intersil
  • 1975 2650 Signetics
  • 1975 PPS-8 Rockwell
  • 1975 F8 Fairchild
  • 1975 CDP 1801 RCA
  • 1975 6502 MOS Technology
  • 1976 CDP 1802 RCA
  • 1976 Z-80 Zilog
  • 1976 TMS9900 Texas Instruments
  • 1976 8x300 Signetics
  • 1977 8085 Intel
  • 1978 6809 Motorola
  • 1978 8086 Intel
  • 1978 6801 Motorola
  • 1979 Z8000 Zilog
  • 1979 8088 Intel
  • 1979 68000 Motorola

1980s[edit]

In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS.

Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.
Year Intel National NEC MIPS RISC Motorola IBM DEC Harris Hitachi Fairchild HP Sun Acorn AMD Zilog
1980 16032
1981 ROMP T-11 6120
1982 80186
80286 		RISC-I FOCUS
1983 MIPS RISC-II ARM
1984 32032 V20 68020 am186
am286
1985 80386 R2000 MicroVAX
II 78032 		Novix
NC4016 		F9450 ARM1
1986 V60 SPARC
(List) 		Z80000
1987 V70 68030 CVAX
78034 		Gmicro
/ 200 		ARM2
1988 80386SX
i960 		R3000
1989 80486
i860 		VAX
DC520 		ARM3


1990s[edit]

The 32-bit microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the 1990s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999,

and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In 1990s, microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM.
Year Intel National NEC MIPS RISC Motorola IBM DEC Hitachi Fujitsu
(HAL) 		HP Sun ARM AMD QED
1990 68040 POWER1
1991 R4000 RSC NVAX
1992 Alpha
21064 		SuperH PA-7100 micro
SPARC I
1993 Pentium PowerPC 601 POWER2 PA-7100LC
1994 PowerPC 603
PowerPC 604 		PowerPC Alpha
21064A 		PA-7200 R4600
1995 Pentium Pro 68060 Alpha
21164 		SPARC64 Ultra
SPARC
1996 R10000 P2SC Alpha
21164A 		SPARC64 II PA-8000 K5 R5000
1997 Pentium II PowerPC 620
PowerPC 750 		RS64
S/390 G4 		Ultra
SPARC IIs 		K6
1998 R12000 PowerPC RS64-II
S/390 G5
POWER3 		Alpha
21264 		SPARC64 III PA-8500 R7000
1999 Pentium III PowerPC 7400 RS64-III Athlon

2000s[edit]

See also[edit]

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