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{{center|Thunderbolt 3 support on Ice Lake through the Thunderbolt 3 integration<br>Full configuration with four ports and every feature through every port}}
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{{center|'''Thunderbolt 3 support on Ice Lake through the Thunderbolt 3 integration<br>Full configuration with four ports and every feature through every port'''}}
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== Clock domains ==
 
== Clock domains ==

Revision as of 11:20, 11 August 2019

Edit Values
Ice Lake (client) µarch
General Info
Arch TypeCPU
DesignerIntel
ManufacturerIntel
IntroductionMay 27, 2019
Process10 nm
Core Configs2, 4
Pipeline
TypeSuperscalar
OoOEYes
SpeculativeYes
Reg RenamingYes
Stages14-19
Decode5-way
Instructions
ISAx86-64
ExtensionsMOVBE, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA3, F16C, BMI, BMI2, VT-x, VT-d, TXT, TSX, RDSEED, ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVE, SGX, MPX, AVX-512
Cache
L1I Cache32 KiB/core
8-way set associative
L1D Cache48 KiB/core
12-way set associative
L2 Cache512 KiB/512 KiB
12-way set associative
L3 Cache2 MiB/core
16-way set associative
Cores
Core NamesIce Lake Y,
Ice Lake U
Succession
Contemporary
Ice Lake (server)

Ice Lake (ICL) Client Configuration is Intel's successor to Cannon Lake, a 10 nm microarchitecture for mainstream workstations, desktops, and mobile devices.

For mobile devices, Ice Lake is branded as 10th Generation Core i3, i5, and i7 processors.

Codenames

Core Abbrev Description Graphics Target
Ice Lake Y ICL-Y Extremely low power 2-in-1s detachable, tablets, and computer sticks
Ice Lake U ICL-U Ultra-low Power Light notebooks, portable All-in-Ones (AiOs), Minis, and conference room
Ice Lake H ICL-H High-performance Graphics Ultimate mobile performance, mobile workstations
Ice Lake S? ICL-S Performance-optimized lifestyle Desktop performance to value, AiOs, and minis

Process Technology

See also: Cannon Lake § Process Technology

Ice Lake is fabricated on Intel's second-generation enhanced 10 nm process called "10 nm+". Versus the first generation 10nm which was used for Cannon Lake, 10nm+ features higher performance through higher drive current for the same power envelope. Intel says that Ice Lake is built on their learnings from their Cannon Lake products which were largely treated as a learning vehicle. Between Cannon Lake and Ice Lake, a number of changes were made in order to improve the process for their products. One such change was the addition of an extra metal layer (originally said to be 12, is now presumably 13 on Ice Lake) in order to improve the power delivery of the chip. Additionally, they have improved the threshold voltage of the transistors as well as their MIM cap among other changes.

intels 10+ and 10++.png

Compiler support

Support for Ice Lake was added in LLVM Clang 6.0 and GCC 8.0.

Compiler Arch-Specific Arch-Favorable
ICC -march=icelake -mtune=icelake
GCC -march=icelake -mtune=icelake
LLVM -march=icelake -mtune=icelake
Visual Studio /? /tune:?

CPUID

Core Extended
Family
Family Extended
Model
Model
U, Y 0 0x6 0x7 0xE
Family 6 Model 126
 ? 0 0x6  ?  ?
Family 6 Model ?

Architecture

Ice Lake comprises of Sunny Cove cores on the ring interconnect architecture along with Gen11 GPU, and an improved System Agent with a new display engine and I/O.

Key changes from Cannon Lake/Skylake

  • Enhanced "10nm+" (from "10nm", 2nd gen)
  • Core
  • Memory
    • 4 32-bit LPDDR4X channels (from 2 64-bit DDR4 channels)
    • 1.4x higher data rates (3733 MT/s, up from 2666 MT/s)
      • 1.5x higher memory bandwidth (60 GB/s, up from 40 GB/s)
  • Graphics
    • Gen10Gen11 graphics (Gen10 was never productized)
    • Gen11 GPUs
      • UHD Graphics 6xx (GT1) UHD Graphics 7xx (GT2) (32 Execution Units, 2.67x EUs from Gen9)
      • UHD Graphics 6xx (GT2) Iris Plus Graphics 9xx (GT2) (48-64 Execution Units, 2-2.6x EUs from Gen9)
        • 1,024 GFLOPS @ 1 GHz (GT2)
  • Display
    • Gen 11.5 (from Gen9/Gen9.5)
    • DisplayPort 1.4a with Display Stream Compression(DSC) (from DisplayPort 1.2)
    • HDMI 2.0b (from HDMI 1.4)
  • IPU
    • 4th Gen IPU (from 3rd Gen in Skylake)
    • More cameras support
    • New concurrent image pipeline
    • on-die MIPI interface
  • New Integration
    • New Gaussian Neural Accelerator 1.0 (Added in Cannon Lake but unclear to what extent)
  • I/O
    • Thunderbolt 3 over Type-C
  • Package
    • New Type3, Type4 packages

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

New instructions

See also: Sunny Cove § New Instructions

Ice Lake introduced a number of new instructions.

Block Diagram

Entire SoC Overview

ice lake soc block diagram.svg

Individual Core

See Sunny Cove § Block Diagram.

Gen11 Graphics

See Gen11 Graphics § Block Diagram.

Overview

ice lake overview.svg

The Ice Lake system on a chip is a 10-nanometer SoC that is aimed at the mainstream to premium mobile and the thin-and-light market. The microprocessor consists of five major components: CPU cores, LLC, ring interconnect, system agent, and Gen11 graphics. While a lot of what Ice Lake provides is inherited from the prior generations, Intel claims that every IP on Ice Lake has been enhanced in one way or another. A major enhancement in Ice Lake over the prior generation is the integration of up to four Sunny Cove cores which provide a significant uplift in IPC. Those cores also bring AVX-512 support for the client market. Those cores, along with the system agent and the GPU, are linked over Intel's ring interconnect. The chip is fed through a new integrated memory controller that supports quad-channel 32-bit LPDDR4X memory, providing bandwidths in the range of 50-60 GB/s. Ice Lake has a new integrated GPU which is based on their Gen11 microarchitecture which provides a large improvement in graphics performance.

The system architecture in Ice Lake has been redesigned. Intel added a new Gaussian Neural Accelerator (GNA) for the acceleration of inference applications. There is a new 4th-generation image processing unit (IPU). Ice Lake integrates the entire Thunderbolt 3 I/O subsystem on-die, significantly simplifying support at the system level. Ice Lake has four Thunderbolt 3 ports. All four ports have the same capabilities and can be used simultaneously at full performance at up to 40 Gbps per port. Intel also upgraded the display engine to Gen11 with an improved display pipe that has a new Adaptive Sync and HDR-capable display pipes that support HDR 3 and DisplayPort 1.4, supporting error correction and compression.

Ice Lake chips integrate the PCH die on-package communicating over the on-package interconnect (OPI). The new PCH The PCH has an expanded I/O support for PCIe, USB, SATA, as well as audio DSP for load power voice processing. It also integrates WiFi 6+ CNVi.

On the platform level, there is a new integrated power delivery (FIVR) on both the PCH and the CPU which Intel says allows them to save on platform area by about 15% and it reduces the power delivery rails for the OEMs by roughly half.

Core

New text document.svg This section is empty; you can help add the missing info by editing this page.

Integration

Ice Lake integrates a number of additional components:

GNA

Ice Lake introduced a new low-power neural processor called the Gaussian Neural Accelerator v1.0 (GNA) which is integrated on the SoC and runs at very low power even when the GPU and CPUs are turned off. The GNA can be used for long-running tasks (e.g., real-time meeting transcription). The GNA can operate while the remaining parts of the SoC are in idle in order to have minimal impact on performance.

IPU

Ice Lake incorporates 4th generation image processing unit (IPU). The IPU was first introduced with Skylake mobile SoCs (note that those were 3rd gen). The 4th Gen IPU found in Ice Lake introduces a number of new enhancements. It introduces new support for 4K video capture at 30fps. There is also new hardware support for better de-noising which supports up to 16 megapixels stills in low light conditions. In addition for support more camera simultaneously, the IPU incorporates a new concurrent image pipeline, supporting multiple different processing from the same camera stream, allowing a single camera to take the functionality of multiple sensors. A common example of that is devices with both IR and RGB cameras in the laptop bezel which can now be changed to a single camera. Intel says they are exposing more registers from the IPU to software in order to provide more flexibility for applications that make use of that for machine learning. It’s also worth noting that Intel integrated the MIPI interface onto the processor as well. Previously that was found on the chipset. The change significantly improves the latency, a required attribute needed for more advanced ML-specific applications. Some of those changes are designed to form the foundation for future generations of improvements.

Thunderbolt IO subsystem

By far the largest new integration in Ice Lake is the Thunderbolt I/O Subsystem. According to Intel, this is the largest integration they have done since the integration of the graphics processing unit in Sandy Bridge. When Ice Lake was introduced, Thunderbolt 3 was the fastest and most versatile connector that was available. Not only is it four times faster than USB 3.1, but it also supports additional peripherals over PCIe, USB 3, and DisplayPort.

Ice Lake contains two modular FIAs, each one connect to a pair of Type-C ports for a total of four ports. The FIA can multiplex between a standard USB Type-C connector and a Thunderbolt connector. Therefore when not Thunderbolt support is desired, the FIA can serve as a standard USB Type-C connection. Each FIA is connected to the USB controller, Display Engine, and the CIO Router. The CIO Router is the actual Thunderbolt router and it can be thought of as a display engine as well. Ice Lake has a total of four PCIe controllers coming from four root complexes. Two PCIe controllers go to each of the CIOs. Previously, there was just a single PCIe controller going to the Titan Ridge controller, so there was effectively one PCIe controller for both ports. Compared to the prior generation, each port now effectively has double the bandwidth.


ice lake io subsystem.svg


Figure: Ice Lake Thunderbolt 3 I/O Subsystem


Previously (e.g., with Whiskey Lake), for OEMs to support Thunderbolt 3 in mobile devices, they had to use Intel's Titan Ridge controller. Titan Ridge was a discrete Thunderbolt 3 chip that came with either one or two dedicated Thunderbolt 3 ports. In order to support everything that was necessary (e.g., legacy USB 2 as well as high speed PCIe Gen 3), the controller was connected to both the CPU and the hipset. The chipset was connected over four PCIe Gen 3 lanes. The CPU had two DisplayPort connections. Each of those passed over four PCIe Gen 3 lanes. In order to offer legacy I/O support, a direct USB 2.0 link from the PCH went to the port. For charging capabilities, the port was also connected directly to a Power Deliver (PD) controller. In total, 17 PCIe Gen 3 lanes operating at around 8 GT/s were required between the Titan Ridge controller and the chipset and CPU.

Due to the design complexity introduced by the discrete controller, most mobile devices that made use of Titan Ridge only supported it on one side of the device - typically on the side of the device closer to the controller itself.


intel type-c old.svg


Figure: Thunderbolt 3 support using the Titan Ridge controller


With Ice Lake, Intel simplified the overall design considerably. The biggest change comes from the fact that most of the Titan Ridge logic has been integrated into the Ice Lake SoC itself, reducing board space, routing, and the overall bill of materials. Instead of the seventeen PCIe lanes that were required by the Titan Ridge controller, Ice Lake exposes just eight lanes – four lanes to each retimer which drive the signals to the connectors. Therefore, in total there are just eight lanes operating at 20 GT/s instead of seventeen lanes operating at 8 GT/s. The reduction of lanes, along with their associated components such as the buffers, reduces the overall power consumption of the system. Intel stated that, depending on the exact device design, they saw a reduction of up to 300 mW per port when the port was fully utilized. Previously, the dual-port Titan Ridge controller had a TDP of up to 2.4 W, so the overall saving is fairly sizable. The additional power saving thus translates to better performance as more of the overall power budget can be allocated for the GPU and CPU instead of the I/O.

One of the other benefits of the Thunderbolt 3 integration is that half of the lanes can be exposed to each side of the device. With the Titan Ridge controller, offering Type-C ports on the side further from the controller was more complex and was quite rare and most OEMs simply opted to offer a legacy connector of some sort such as a USB 2.0 on that side. With Ice Lake, the direct Thunderbolt lanes that go to each retimer are easily exposed to both sides of the device, meaning, at least in theory, OEMs should have no problem offering symmetrical connections on both sides of the device.


intel type-c ice lake.svg


Figure: Thunderbolt 3 support on Ice Lake through the Thunderbolt 3 integration


Like Titan Ridge, each retimer supports two ports. The retimers themselves are still only sold by Intel but they are a fraction of the size, so there is also a modest board space saving advantage as well. Therefore, actually, the diagram above is almost identical when offering support for up to four Thunderbolt 3 ports, twice as many as most Titan Ridge-based designs. For full support, those additional ports just need a new dedicated USB 2 connection to the PCH, and in order to also offer charging capabilities through that port, you also need a PD controller. Premium-design laptop should, therefore, be able to have up to four Thunderbolt ports – each supporting everything from power delivery to the legacy I/O to the latest high-speed interfaces such as DisplayPort and USB 3.1.


intel type-c ice lake 4p.svg


Thunderbolt 3 support on Ice Lake through the Thunderbolt 3 integration
Full configuration with four ports and every feature through every port

Clock domains

Ice Lake is divided into a number of clock domains, each controlling the clock frequency of their respective unit in the processor. All clock domains are some multiple of the [virtual] bus clock (BCLK).

  • BCLK - Bus/Base Clock - The system bus interface frequency (once upon a time referred to the actual FSB speed, it now serves as only a base clock reference for all other clock domains). The base clock is 100 MHz.
  • Core Clock - The frequency at which the core and the L1/L2 caches operate at. (Frequency depends on the model and is represented as a multiple of BCLK).
  • Ring Clock - The frequency at which the ring interconnect and LLC operate at. Data from/to the individual cores are read/written into the L3 at a rate of 32B/cycle operating at Ring Clock frequency.
  • IGP Clock - The frequency at which the integrated graphics (Gen11 GPU) operates at. Data from/to the GPU are read/written into the LLC at a rate of 64B/cycle operating at this frequency as well.
  • IPU - The frequency at which the image processing unit operates at
  • MemClk - Memory Clock - The frequency at which the system DRAM operates at. DRAM data is transferred at a rate of 8B/cycle operating at MemClk frequency.

ice lake soc clock domain block diagram.svg

Power

Dynamic Tuning 2.0

Main article: Intel Dynamic Tuning
New text document.svg This section is empty; you can help add the missing info by editing this page.

Packaging

Ice Lake comes in two packagings.

Package Type3 Type4
Core Ice Lake U Ice Lake Y
TDP 15 W 9 W
Dimensions 50 x 25 x 1.3 mm 26.5 x 18.5 x 1.0 mm
Balls 1526 balls 1377 balls
Ball Pitch 0.65 mm 0.43 mm
Package (Front) ice lake u (front).png ice lake y (front).png
Package (Back) ice lake u (back).png ice lake y (back).png

Thin-film magnetic inductor

The new Ice Lake packages include a thin-film magnetic inductor array on the landing side. Those are said to have higher efficiency at lower power but also support the fully processor dynamic frequency range. They can be distinctly seen on the back of the chip.

Die

System Agent

  • System Agent
    • 4th Gen IPU
    • Gen11 Display
    • Thunderbolt 3 over Type-C I/O subsystem


ice lake die sa.png


ice lake die sa (annotated).png

IPU

ice lake die ipu.png


ice lake die ipu 2.png

Display engine

ice lake die display engine.png


ice lake die display engine 2.png

Thunderbolt 3 I/O subsystem

ice lake die tb3 io subsystem.png


ice lake die tb3 io subsystem 2.png

Core

See also: Sunny Cove § Die
  • ~6.91 mm² die size
    • ~3.5 mm x ~1.97 mm
ice lake die core.png


ice lake die core (annotated).png


ice lake die core 2.png

Core group

See also: Sunny Cove § Die
  • ~30.73 mm² die size
    • ~7.86 mm x ~3.91 mm


ice lake die core group.png


ice lake die core group (annotated).png


ice lake die core group 2.png


Integrated graphics

  • Gen11 GPU
  • 64 EUs
  • ~41.1 mm² silicon area
    • ~5.22 mm x ~7.86 mm
ice lake die gpu.png


ice lake die gpu (annotated).png


ice lake die gpu 2.png

SoC


ice lake die (quad core).png


ice lake die (quad core) (annotated).png


ice lake die.png

PCH


ice lake pch die.png

All Ice Lake Chips

 List of Ice Lake-based Processors
 Main processorTurbo BoostMemoryGPU
ModelLaunchedPriceFamilyPlatformCoreCoresThreadsL3$TDPBase1 Core2 Cores4 CoresMax MemoryNameBaseBurst
i3-1000G11 August 2019Core i3Ice LakeIce Lake Y244 MiB
4,096 KiB
4,194,304 B
0.00391 GiB
9 W
9,000 mW
0.0121 hp
0.009 kW
1.1 GHz
1,100 MHz
1,100,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
32 GiB
32,768 MiB
33,554,432 KiB
34,359,738,368 B
0.0313 TiB
UHD Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
900 MHz
0.9 GHz
900,000 KHz
i3-1000G41 August 2019Core i3Ice LakeIce Lake Y244 MiB
4,096 KiB
4,194,304 B
0.00391 GiB
9 W
9,000 mW
0.0121 hp
0.009 kW
1.1 GHz
1,100 MHz
1,100,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
32 GiB
32,768 MiB
33,554,432 KiB
34,359,738,368 B
0.0313 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
900 MHz
0.9 GHz
900,000 KHz
i3-1005G11 August 2019$ 281.00
€ 252.90
£ 227.61
¥ 29,035.73
Core i3Ice LakeIce Lake U244 MiB
4,096 KiB
4,194,304 B
0.00391 GiB
15 W
15,000 mW
0.0201 hp
0.015 kW
1.2 GHz
1,200 MHz
1,200,000 kHz
3.4 GHz
3,400 MHz
3,400,000 kHz
3.4 GHz
3,400 MHz
3,400,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
UHD Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
900 MHz
0.9 GHz
900,000 KHz
i5-1030G41 August 2019Core i5Ice LakeIce Lake Y486 MiB
6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B
0.00586 GiB
9 W
9,000 mW
0.0121 hp
0.009 kW
0.7 GHz
700 MHz
700,000 kHz
3.5 GHz
3,500 MHz
3,500,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
32 GiB
32,768 MiB
33,554,432 KiB
34,359,738,368 B
0.0313 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,050 MHz
1.05 GHz
1,050,000 KHz
i5-1030G71 August 2019Core i5Ice LakeIce Lake Y486 MiB
6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B
0.00586 GiB
9 W
9,000 mW
0.0121 hp
0.009 kW
0.8 GHz
800 MHz
800,000 kHz
3.5 GHz
3,500 MHz
3,500,000 kHz
3.2 GHz
3,200 MHz
3,200,000 kHz
32 GiB
32,768 MiB
33,554,432 KiB
34,359,738,368 B
0.0313 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,050 MHz
1.05 GHz
1,050,000 KHz
i5-1035G11 August 2019$ 297.00
€ 267.30
£ 240.57
¥ 30,689.01
Core i5Ice LakeIce Lake U486 MiB
6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B
0.00586 GiB
15 W
15,000 mW
0.0201 hp
0.015 kW
1 GHz
1,000 MHz
1,000,000 kHz
3.6 GHz
3,600 MHz
3,600,000 kHz
3.3 GHz
3,300 MHz
3,300,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
UHD Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,050 MHz
1.05 GHz
1,050,000 KHz
i5-1035G41 August 2019$ 320.00
€ 288.00
£ 259.20
¥ 33,065.60
Core i5Ice LakeIce Lake U486 MiB
6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B
0.00586 GiB
15 W
15,000 mW
0.0201 hp
0.015 kW
1.1 GHz
1,100 MHz
1,100,000 kHz
3.7 GHz
3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz
3.3 GHz
3,300 MHz
3,300,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,050 MHz
1.05 GHz
1,050,000 KHz
i5-1035G71 August 2019$ 309.00
€ 278.10
£ 250.29
¥ 31,928.97
Core i5Ice LakeIce Lake U486 MiB
6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B
0.00586 GiB
15 W
15,000 mW
0.0201 hp
0.015 kW
1.2 GHz
1,200 MHz
1,200,000 kHz
3.7 GHz
3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz
3.3 GHz
3,300 MHz
3,300,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,050 MHz
1.05 GHz
1,050,000 KHz
i7-1060G71 August 2019Core i7Ice LakeIce Lake Y488 MiB
8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B
0.00781 GiB
9 W
9,000 mW
0.0121 hp
0.009 kW
1 GHz
1,000 MHz
1,000,000 kHz
3.8 GHz
3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz
3.4 GHz
3,400 MHz
3,400,000 kHz
32 GiB
32,768 MiB
33,554,432 KiB
34,359,738,368 B
0.0313 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,100 MHz
1.1 GHz
1,100,000 KHz
i7-1065G71 August 2019$ 426.00
€ 383.40
£ 345.06
¥ 44,018.58
Core i7Ice LakeIce Lake U488 MiB
8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B
0.00781 GiB
15 W
15,000 mW
0.0201 hp
0.015 kW
1.3 GHz
1,300 MHz
1,300,000 kHz
3.9 GHz
3,900 MHz
3,900,000 kHz
3.8 GHz
3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz
3.5 GHz
3,500 MHz
3,500,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,100 MHz
1.1 GHz
1,100,000 KHz
i7-1068G7Core i7Ice LakeIce Lake U488 MiB
8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B
0.00781 GiB
28 W
28,000 mW
0.0375 hp
0.028 kW
2.3 GHz
2,300 MHz
2,300,000 kHz
4.1 GHz
4,100 MHz
4,100,000 kHz
3.6 GHz
3,600 MHz
3,600,000 kHz
64 GiB
65,536 MiB
67,108,864 KiB
68,719,476,736 B
0.0625 TiB
Iris Plus Graphics300 MHz
0.3 GHz
300,000 KHz
1,100 MHz
1.1 GHz
1,100,000 KHz
Count: 11

Bibliography

  • Intel 2018 Architecture Day.
  • Intel. personal communication. 2019.
codenameIce Lake (client) +
core count2 + and 4 +
designerIntel +
first launchedMay 27, 2019 +
full page nameintel/microarchitectures/ice lake (client) +
instance ofmicroarchitecture +
instruction set architecturex86-64 +
manufacturerIntel +
microarchitecture typeCPU +
nameIce Lake (client) +
pipeline stages (max)19 +
pipeline stages (min)14 +
process10 nm (0.01 μm, 1.0e-5 mm) +