Semiconductor & Computer Engineering
From WikiChip
Zen 4 - Microarchitectures - AMD
| Edit Values | |
| Zen 4 µarch | |
| General Info | |
| Arch Type | CPU |
| Designer | AMD |
| Manufacturer | TSMC |
| Process | 5 nm, 6 nm |
| Succession | |
Zen 4 is a microarchitecture developed by AMD as a successor to Zen 3. See press release for details: AMD Launches Ryzen 7000 Series Desktop Processors
Contents
History
Zen 4 was first mentioned by Forrest Norrod during AMD's EPYC One Year Anniversary webinar. During the next horizon event which was held on November 6, 2018, AMD stated that Zen 4 was at the design completion phase.
Products
 |
Preliminary Data! Information presented in this article deal with future products, data, features, and specifications that have yet to be finalized, announced, or released. Information may be incomplete and can change by final release. |
| Processor Series | Cores/Threads | Market |
|---|---|---|
| EPYC 9004 "Genoa" | Up to 96/192 | High-end server multiprocessors |
| Ryzen Threadripper 7000 "Storm Peak" | Up to 96/192 | Workstation & enthusiasts |
| Ryzen 7000 "Raphael" | Up to 16/32 | Mainstream to high-end desktops & enthusiasts |
| Ryzen 7000 APU "Dragon Range" | Up to 16/32 | High-end mobile processors with GPU |
| Ryzen 7000 APU "Phoenix Point" | Up to 8/16 | Mainstream desktop & mobile processors with GPU |
Cores using variant Zen 4 uarch:
| Processor Series | Cores/Threads | Market |
|---|---|---|
| EPYC 9004 Bergamo | Up to 128/256 | Cloud multiprocessors (smaller, almost half-size Zen 4c [referred to as “Zen 4D” in leaks] core sacrificing half of the L3 cache.) |
Architectural Codenames:
| Arch | Codename |
|---|---|
| Core | Persephone |
| CCD | Durango |
Process Technology
Processors implementing Zen 4 are SoCs configured as a Multi-Chip Module or monolithic chip. MCMs consist of a single I/O die and up to 12 Core Complex Dies attached with full-duplex serial point-to-point links. The IOD contains memory controllers, I/O controllers, microcontrollers for security purposes and power management, and other peripherals. The CCDs communicate with peripherals and each other through the Data and Control Fabrics on the I/O die, and each contain a single Core Complex (CCX). The monolithic chips integrate a subset of the IOD facilities and additional peripherals tailored for their target market, a CCX, and a GPU. A CCX contains 8 CPU cores (fewer may be usable on some models) communicating through a shared L3 cache.
("Bergamo" processors configuration TBD.)
The chips are fabricated by TSMC, CCDs and monolithic chips on a 5 nm node, IODs on a 6 nm node.
Architecture
Zen 4 is a 64-bit superscalar, out-of-order, 2-way SMT microarchitecture with advanced dynamic branch prediction, 4-way decoding of x86 instructions with a stack optimizer, multiple caches including an Op cache for decoded instructions and prefetchers for code and data, four integer/address and two floating point instruction schedulers, 3-way address generation, 5-way integer execution. 4-way 256-bit wide floating point execution, a speculative, out-of-order load/store unit capable of up to three loads or two stores per cycle with a 48/88-entry load and 64-entry store queue, write-combining, and 5-level paging with four TLBs and six hardware page table walkers.
Key changes from Zen 3
- AVX-512 instructions support, 256-bit data path[1]
- L1 and L2 DTLB size increased from 64 to 72 and 2,048 to 3,072 entries
- Op cache size increased from 4,096 to 6,750 Ops per core
- L2 cache doubled from 512 KiB to 1 MiB per core (not all processor models), latency increased from 12 to 14 cycles minimum
- L3 cache average load-to-use latency increased from 46 to 50 cycles
- Five-level paging; Max. physical and linear address size raised from 48 to 52 and 57 bits respectively
- Improved cache load, write and prefetch from/to register (less latency)
- Higher Transistor Density, due to 5nm process
- Capable of higher all-core clockspeeds (shown by AMD to reach 5GHz+ on all cores)
- Larger integer register file (from 192 to 224), floating-point register file (from 160 to 192) and reorder buffer (from 256 to 320 entries)
Package level changes:
- EPYC 9004 "Genoa": Max. core/thread count 96/192, up from 64/128 on EPYC 7003 "Milan"
- EPYC "Bergamo": Max. 128 cores but preliminary data shows a slightly altered architecture featuring cores that take up less space
- Support for DDR5 memory and PCIe Gen 5
- New sockets AM5 (client), SP5 and SP6 (server), FP7/FP7r2 (mobile)
- APUs: RDNA2-based iGPU with 2 compute units (128 stream processors)
New Instructions
Zen 4 introduced the following ISA enhancements:
- AVX-512 - 512-bit Vector Instructions
- AVX512F - Foundation (first introduced with Intel Skylake)
- AVX512CD - Conflict Detection Instructions (Skylake X)
- AVX512VL - Vector Length Extensions (Skylake X)
- AVX512DQ - Doubleword and Quadword Instructions (Skylake X)
- AVX512BW - Byte and Word Instructions (Skylake X)
- AVX512_IFMA - Integer Fused Multiply-Add (Cannon Lake)
- AVX512_VBMI - Vector Bit Manipulation Instructions (Cannon Lake)
- AVX512_VPOPCNTDQ - Vector Population Count Instructions (Ice Lake)
- AVX512_BITALG - Bit Algorithms (Ice Lake)
- AVX512_VBMI2 - Vector Bit Manipulation Instructions 2 (Ice Lake)
- AVX512_VNNI - Vector Neural Network Instructions (Ice Lake)
- AVX512_BF16 - BFloat16 Instructions (Cooper Lake)
- Not supported: AVX512ER, AVX512PF (Knights Landing); AVX512 4VNNIW, 4FMAPS (Knights Mill); VP2INTERSECT (Tiger Lake); FP16 (Cooper Lake)
- GFNI - Galois Field New Instructions (first introduced with Intel Ice Lake)
-
VGF2P8AFFINEQB- Galois field affine transformation -
VGF2P8AFFINEINVQB- Galois field affine transformation inverse -
VGF2P8MULB- Galois field multiply bytes
-
Memory Hierarchy
Data and Instruction Caches
- L0 Op Cache:
- Up to 6,750 Ops per core, 8-way set associative
- 9 Op line size (restrictions apply depending on instruction type)
- Parity protected
- L1I Cache:
- 32 KiB per core, 8-way set associative
- 64 B line size
- Parity protected
- L1D Cache:
- 32 KiB per core, 8-way set associative
- 64 B line size
- Write-back policy
- 4-5 cycles latency for Int
- 7-8 cycles latency for FP
- ECC
- L2 Cache:
- 512 KiB or 1 MiB per core (varies by processor model), 8-way set associative
- 64 B line size
- Write-back policy
- Inclusive of L1
- ≥ 14 cycles latency
- DEC-TED ECC, tag & state arrays SEC-DED
- L3 Cache:
- "Genoa": up to 32 MiB/CCX (8 cores), up to 384 MiB total
- Shared by all cores in the CCX, configurable
- 16-way set associative
- 64 B line size
- L2 victim cache
- Write-back policy
- 50 cycles average load-to-use latency
- DEC-TED ECC, tag array & shadow tags SEC-DED
- QoS Monitoring and Enforcement with BMEC, L3RR, L3SBE
Translation Lookaside Buffers
- ITLB
- 64 entry L1 TLB, fully associative
- 4-Kbyte, 2-Mbyte, 1-Gbyte page sizes
- 512 entry L2 TLB, 8-way set associative
- 4-Kbyte, 2-Mbyte, and 4-Mbyte pages
- Parity protected
- 64 entry L1 TLB, fully associative
- DTLB
- 72 entry L1 TLB, fully associative
- 4-Kbyte, 16-Kbyte, 2-Mbyte, 1-Gbyte page sizes
- 3,072 entry L2 TLB, 24-way set associative
- 4-Kbyte, 16-Kbyte, 2-Mbyte, and 4-Mbyte pages, PDEs to speed up table walks
- Parity protected
- 72 entry L1 TLB, fully associative
4-Mbyte pages require two 2-Mbyte entries in all TLBs. 16-Kbyte page size refers to PTE coalescing of four physically consecutive and 16-Kbyte aligned 4-Kbyte pages. All caches and TLBs are competitively shared in multi-threaded mode.
System DRAM
- Ryzen 7000 "Raphael":
- Up to PC5-41600 (DDR5-5200) without overclocking
- EPYC 9004 "Genoa":
All Zen 4 Processors
| List of all Zen 4-based Processors |
|---|
| Model | Codename | C | T | L2$ | L3$ | Frequ. | Turbo | Turbo 1C | Memory | TDP | Launched | Release Price |
OPN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uniprocessors | |||||||||||||
| EPYC 9354P | Genoa | 32 | 64 | 32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.25 GHz 3,250 MHz
3,250,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
3.8 GHz 3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 280 W 280,000 mW
0.375 hp 0.28 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 2,730.00 € 2,457.00 (1k)
£ 2,211.30 ¥ 282,090.90 |
100-100000805, 100-100000805WOF |
| EPYC 9454P | Genoa | 48 | 96 | 48 MiB 49,152 KiB
50,331,648 B 0.0469 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
2.75 GHz 2,750 MHz
2,750,000 kHz |
3.65 GHz 3,650 MHz
3,650,000 kHz |
3.8 GHz 3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 290 W 290,000 mW
0.389 hp 0.29 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 4,598.00 € 4,138.20 (1k)
£ 3,724.38 ¥ 475,111.34 |
100-100000873, 100-100000873WOF |
| EPYC 9554P | Genoa | 64 | 128 | 64 MiB 65,536 KiB
67,108,864 B 0.0625 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.1 GHz 3,100 MHz
3,100,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 360 W 360,000 mW
0.483 hp 0.36 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 7,104.00 € 6,393.60 (1k)
£ 5,754.24 ¥ 734,056.32 |
100-100000804, 100-100000804WOF |
| EPYC 9654P | Genoa | 96 | 192 | 96 MiB 98,304 KiB
100,663,296 B 0.0938 GiB |
384 MiB 393,216 KiB
402,653,184 B 0.375 GiB |
2.4 GHz 2,400 MHz
2,400,000 kHz |
3.55 GHz 3,550 MHz
3,550,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 360 W 360,000 mW
0.483 hp 0.36 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 10,625.00 € 9,562.50 (1k)
£ 8,606.25 ¥ 1,097,881.25 |
100-100000803, 100-100000803WOF |
| Ryzen 5 7600X | Raphael | 6 | 12 | 6 MiB 6,144 KiB
6,291,456 B 0.00586 GiB |
32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
4.7 GHz 4,700 MHz
4,700,000 kHz |
5.3 GHz 5,300 MHz
5,300,000 kHz |
105 W 105,000 mW
0.141 hp 0.105 kW |
|||||
| Ryzen 7 7700 | Raphael | 8 | 16 | 8 MiB 8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B 0.00781 GiB |
32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
3.8 GHz 3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz |
5.3 GHz 5,300 MHz
5,300,000 kHz |
65 W 65,000 mW
0.0872 hp 0.065 kW |
10 January 2023 | $ 339.00 € 305.10
£ 274.59 ¥ 35,028.87 |
100-000000592, 100-100000592BOX | ||
| Ryzen 7 7700X | Raphael | 8 | 16 | 8 MiB 8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B 0.00781 GiB |
32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
4.5 GHz 4,500 MHz
4,500,000 kHz |
5.4 GHz 5,400 MHz
5,400,000 kHz |
105 W 105,000 mW
0.141 hp 0.105 kW |
27 September 2022 | $ 399.00 € 359.10
£ 323.19 ¥ 41,228.67 |
100-000000591, 100-100000591WOF | ||
| Ryzen 7 7800X3D | Raphael | 8 | 16 | 8 MiB 8,192 KiB
8,388,608 B 0.00781 GiB |
96 MiB 98,304 KiB
100,663,296 B 0.0938 GiB |
4.2 GHz 4,200 MHz
4,200,000 kHz |
5 GHz 5,000 MHz
5,000,000 kHz |
120 W 120,000 mW
0.161 hp 0.12 kW |
|||||
| Ryzen 9 7900X3D | Raphael | 12 | 24 | 12 MiB 12,288 KiB
12,582,912 B 0.0117 GiB |
128 MiB 131,072 KiB
134,217,728 B 0.125 GiB |
4.4 GHz 4,400 MHz
4,400,000 kHz |
5.6 GHz 5,600 MHz
5,600,000 kHz |
120 W 120,000 mW
0.161 hp 0.12 kW |
|||||
| Ryzen 9 7950X3D | Raphael | 16 | 32 | 16 MiB 16,384 KiB
16,777,216 B 0.0156 GiB |
128 MiB 131,072 KiB
134,217,728 B 0.125 GiB |
4.2 GHz 4,200 MHz
4,200,000 kHz |
5.7 GHz 5,700 MHz
5,700,000 kHz |
120 W 120,000 mW
0.161 hp 0.12 kW |
28 February 2023 | $ 699.00 € 629.10
£ 566.19 ¥ 72,227.67 |
100-000000908, 100-000000908WOF | ||
| Multiprocessors (dual-socket) | |||||||||||||
| EPYC 9124 | Genoa | 16 | 32 | 16 MiB 16,384 KiB
16,777,216 B 0.0156 GiB |
64 MiB 65,536 KiB
67,108,864 B 0.0625 GiB |
3 GHz 3,000 MHz
3,000,000 kHz |
3.6 GHz 3,600 MHz
3,600,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 200 W 200,000 mW
0.268 hp 0.2 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 1,083.00 € 974.70 (1k)
£ 877.23 ¥ 111,906.39 |
100-100000802, 100-100000802WOF |
| EPYC 9174F | Genoa | 16 | 32 | 16 MiB 16,384 KiB
16,777,216 B 0.0156 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
4.1 GHz 4,100 MHz
4,100,000 kHz |
4.15 GHz 4,150 MHz
4,150,000 kHz |
4.4 GHz 4,400 MHz
4,400,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 320 W 320,000 mW
0.429 hp 0.32 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 3,850.00 € 3,465.00 (1k)
£ 3,118.50 ¥ 397,820.50 |
100-100000796, 100-100000796WOF |
| EPYC 9224 | Genoa | 24 | 48 | 24 MiB 24,576 KiB
25,165,824 B 0.0234 GiB |
64 MiB 65,536 KiB
67,108,864 B 0.0625 GiB |
2.5 GHz 2,500 MHz
2,500,000 kHz |
3.65 GHz 3,650 MHz
3,650,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 200 W 200,000 mW
0.268 hp 0.2 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 1,825.00 € 1,642.50 (1k)
£ 1,478.25 ¥ 188,577.25 |
100-100000939, 100-100000939WOF |
| EPYC 9254 | Genoa | 24 | 48 | 24 MiB 24,576 KiB
25,165,824 B 0.0234 GiB |
128 MiB 131,072 KiB
134,217,728 B 0.125 GiB |
2.9 GHz 2,900 MHz
2,900,000 kHz |
3.9 GHz 3,900 MHz
3,900,000 kHz |
4.15 GHz 4,150 MHz
4,150,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 200 W 200,000 mW
0.268 hp 0.2 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 2,299.00 € 2,069.10 (1k)
£ 1,862.19 ¥ 237,555.67 |
100-100000480, 100-100000480WOF |
| EPYC 9274F | Genoa | 24 | 48 | 24 MiB 24,576 KiB
25,165,824 B 0.0234 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
4.05 GHz 4,050 MHz
4,050,000 kHz |
4.1 GHz 4,100 MHz
4,100,000 kHz |
4.3 GHz 4,300 MHz
4,300,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 320 W 320,000 mW
0.429 hp 0.32 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 3,060.00 € 2,754.00 (1k)
£ 2,478.60 ¥ 316,189.80 |
100-100000794, 100-100000794WOF |
| EPYC 9334 | Genoa | 32 | 64 | 32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
128 MiB 131,072 KiB
134,217,728 B 0.125 GiB |
2.7 GHz 2,700 MHz
2,700,000 kHz |
3.85 GHz 3,850 MHz
3,850,000 kHz |
3.9 GHz 3,900 MHz
3,900,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 210 W 210,000 mW
0.282 hp 0.21 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 2,990.00 € 2,691.00 (1k)
£ 2,421.90 ¥ 308,956.70 |
100-100000800, 100-100000800WOF |
| EPYC 9354 | Genoa | 32 | 64 | 32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.25 GHz 3,250 MHz
3,250,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
3.8 GHz 3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 280 W 280,000 mW
0.375 hp 0.28 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 3,420.00 € 3,078.00 (1k)
£ 2,770.20 ¥ 353,388.60 |
100-100000798, 100-100000798WOF |
| EPYC 9374F | Genoa | 32 | 64 | 32 MiB 32,768 KiB
33,554,432 B 0.0313 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.85 GHz 3,850 MHz
3,850,000 kHz |
4.1 GHz 4,100 MHz
4,100,000 kHz |
4.3 GHz 4,300 MHz
4,300,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 320 W 320,000 mW
0.429 hp 0.32 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 4,850.00 € 4,365.00 (1k)
£ 3,928.50 ¥ 501,150.50 |
100-100000792, 100-100000792WOF |
| EPYC 9454 | Genoa | 48 | 96 | 48 MiB 49,152 KiB
50,331,648 B 0.0469 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
2.75 GHz 2,750 MHz
2,750,000 kHz |
3.65 GHz 3,650 MHz
3,650,000 kHz |
3.8 GHz 3,800 MHz
3,800,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 290 W 290,000 mW
0.389 hp 0.29 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 5,225.00 € 4,702.50 (1k)
£ 4,232.25 ¥ 539,899.25 |
100-100000478, 100-100000478WOF |
| EPYC 9474F | Genoa | 48 | 96 | 48 MiB 49,152 KiB
50,331,648 B 0.0469 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.6 GHz 3,600 MHz
3,600,000 kHz |
3.95 GHz 3,950 MHz
3,950,000 kHz |
4.1 GHz 4,100 MHz
4,100,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 360 W 360,000 mW
0.483 hp 0.36 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 6,780.00 € 6,102.00 (1k)
£ 5,491.80 ¥ 700,577.40 |
100-100000788, 100-100000788WOF |
| EPYC 9534 | Genoa | 64 | 128 | 64 MiB 65,536 KiB
67,108,864 B 0.0625 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
2.45 GHz 2,450 MHz
2,450,000 kHz |
3.55 GHz 3,550 MHz
3,550,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 280 W 280,000 mW
0.375 hp 0.28 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 8,803.00 € 7,922.70 (1k)
£ 7,130.43 ¥ 909,613.99 |
100-100000799, 100-100000799WOF |
| EPYC 9554 | Genoa | 64 | 128 | 64 MiB 65,536 KiB
67,108,864 B 0.0625 GiB |
256 MiB 262,144 KiB
268,435,456 B 0.25 GiB |
3.1 GHz 3,100 MHz
3,100,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
3.75 GHz 3,750 MHz
3,750,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 360 W 360,000 mW
0.483 hp 0.36 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 9,087.00 € 8,178.30 (1k)
£ 7,360.47 ¥ 938,959.71 |
100-100000790, 100-100000790WOF |
| EPYC 9634 | Genoa | 84 | 168 | 84 MiB 86,016 KiB
88,080,384 B 0.082 GiB |
384 MiB 393,216 KiB
402,653,184 B 0.375 GiB |
2.25 GHz 2,250 MHz
2,250,000 kHz |
3.1 GHz 3,100 MHz
3,100,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 290 W 290,000 mW
0.389 hp 0.29 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 10,304.00 € 9,273.60 (1k)
£ 8,346.24 ¥ 1,064,712.32 |
100-100000797, 100-100000797WOF |
| EPYC 9654 | Genoa | 96 | 192 | 96 MiB 98,304 KiB
100,663,296 B 0.0938 GiB |
384 MiB 393,216 KiB
402,653,184 B 0.375 GiB |
2.4 GHz 2,400 MHz
2,400,000 kHz |
3.55 GHz 3,550 MHz
3,550,000 kHz |
3.7 GHz 3,700 MHz
3,700,000 kHz |
DDR5-4800 | 360 W 360,000 mW
0.483 hp 0.36 kW |
10 November 2022 | $ 11,805.00 € 10,624.50 (1k)
£ 9,562.05 ¥ 1,219,810.65 |
100-100000789, 100-100000789WOF |
| Count: 24 | |||||||||||||
Designers
- Mike Clark(?), chief architect
Bibliography
References
- ↑ "Ryzen 7000 Desktop Preview", Angstronomics, August 29, 2022
- ↑ "Processor Programming Reference (PPR) for AMD Family 19h Models 11h, Revision B1 Processors", AMD Publ. #55901, Rev. 0.25, November 10, 2022
- ↑ "Software Optimization Guide for the AMD Zen4 Microarchitecture", AMD Publ. #57647, Rev. 1.00, January 6, 2023
- ↑ "AMD EPYC™ 9004 Series Architecture Overview", AMD Publ. #58015, Rev. 1.1, December 2022
See Also
- AMD Zen, Zen 2, Zen 3
- Intel Meteor Lake
Facts about "Zen 4 - Microarchitectures - AMD"
| codename | Zen 4 + |
| designer | AMD + |
| full page name | amd/microarchitectures/zen 4 + |
| instance of | microarchitecture + |
| manufacturer | TSMC + |
| microarchitecture type | CPU + |
| name | Zen 4 + |
| process | 5 nm (0.005 μm, 5.0e-6 mm) + and 6 nm (0.006 μm, 6.0e-6 mm) + |