Semiconductor & Computer Engineering
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Difference between revisions of "4-bit architecture"
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== Industry == | == Industry == | ||
| − | Most of the first [[microprocessor]]s during the early 1970s had 4-bit [[word]] sizes. Both the Intel {{intel|4004}}, the first commercial microprocessor, and the {{intel|4040}} had a 4-bit word length, but had {{arch|8}} instructions. Some of the first [[ | + | Most of the first [[microprocessor]]s during the early 1970s had 4-bit [[word]] sizes. Both the Intel {{intel|4004}}, the first commercial microprocessor, and the {{intel|4040}} had a 4-bit word length, but had {{arch|8}} instructions. Some of the first [[microcontroller]]s such as the {{ti|TMS1000}} made by [[Texas Instruments]] and NEC's {{nec|μPD751}} also had 4-bit words. 4-bit word were proven to be very limiting and by 1974 there was a shift to larger architectures such as {{arch|8|8-}} and {{arch|12|12-}} bit architectures. |
| − | 4-bit | + | In the [[microcontroller]] domain, the story is a little different. 4-bit microcontrollers found their way into many battery-powered and low power instruments and devices. Some 4-bit chips such as the {{atmel|MARC4|Atmel MARC4}} continued to be manufactured until very recently (2010s), those devices aimed directly at wireless devices such as RFID-related applications. Other 4-bit MCUs are still made to date such as the [[Epson]]'s {{epson|S1C60}} and {{epson|S1C63}} MCU [[microprocessor family|families]]. Modern 4-bit microprocessors, however, are much different from the first generation microprocessors of the 1970s - in terms of architecture, performance, and overall capabilities. |
== Applications == | == Applications == | ||
| − | Most 4-bit [[microprocessor]]s were used almost exclusively in calculators and toys, later on for various utilities, video games, controllers, and early computers. 4 bits was a logical choice for many calculators that used [[binary coded decimal|BDC]] numbers representation. | + | Most of the early 4-bit [[microprocessor]]s were used almost exclusively in calculators and toys, later on for various utilities, video games, controllers, and early computers. 4 bits was a logical choice for many calculators that used [[binary coded decimal|BDC]] numbers representation. |
| − | Today, 4-bit chips such as {{epson|S1C60|S1C60 family}} are still manufactured are used in many low-power devices, wireless tools, and [[internet of things]]. | + | Today, 4-bit chips such as {{epson|S1C60|S1C60 family}} are still manufactured are used in many low-power devices, wireless tools, and [[internet of things]]. Until recently Atmel's {{atmel|MARC4}} was also a large player in the low-power RF/IR wireless market. |
== 4-bit microprocessors == | == 4-bit microprocessors == | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
* {{fairchild|9400|Fairchild 9400}} | * {{fairchild|9400|Fairchild 9400}} | ||
* {{fairchild|PPS-25|Fairchild PPS-25}} | * {{fairchild|PPS-25|Fairchild PPS-25}} | ||
| − | |||
* [[HP Saturn]] (64-bit register, 4-bit data path) | * [[HP Saturn]] (64-bit register, 4-bit data path) | ||
| − | * {{intel|4004|Intel 4004}} | + | * {{intel|4004|Intel 4004}} ({{hitachi|hmcs-4/hd35404|HD35404}}) |
* {{intel|4040|Intel 4040}} | * {{intel|4040|Intel 4040}} | ||
| − | + | * {{motorola|10800|Motorola 10800}} | |
| − | * {{motorola| | ||
* {{national|IMP-4|National IMP-4}} | * {{national|IMP-4|National IMP-4}} | ||
* {{rockwell|PPS-4|Rockwell PPS-4}} | * {{rockwell|PPS-4|Rockwell PPS-4}} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
== 4-bit microcontrollers == | == 4-bit microcontrollers == | ||
| + | * {{atmel|MARC4|Atmel MARC4}} | ||
* {{ami|S2000|AMI S2000}} | * {{ami|S2000|AMI S2000}} | ||
* {{epson|S1C60|Epson S1C60}} | * {{epson|S1C60|Epson S1C60}} | ||
* {{epson|S1C63|Epson S1C63}} | * {{epson|S1C63|Epson S1C63}} | ||
| − | * {{fujitsu|MB8840|Fujitsu MB8840}} | + | * {{fujitsu|MB88200|Fujitsu MB88200}} |
| + | * {{fujitsu|MB8840|Fujitsu MB8840}}/{{fujitsu|MB88400|400}} | ||
* {{fujitsu|MB8850|Fujitsu MB8850}}/{{fujitsu|MB88500|500}} | * {{fujitsu|MB8850|Fujitsu MB8850}}/{{fujitsu|MB88500|500}} | ||
| − | * | + | * {{hitachi|HD404720|Hitachi HD404720}} |
* {{hitachi|HMCS40|Hitachi HMCS40}} | * {{hitachi|HMCS40|Hitachi HMCS40}} | ||
* {{hitachi|HMCS400|Hitachi HMCS400}} | * {{hitachi|HMCS400|Hitachi HMCS400}} | ||
* {{itt|7150|ITT 7150}} | * {{itt|7150|ITT 7150}} | ||
| + | * {{matsushita|MN1400|Matsushita MN1400}} | ||
| + | * {{matsushita|MN1500|Matsushita MN1500}} | ||
| + | * {{matsushita|MN1700|Matsushita MN1700}} | ||
| + | * {{mitsu|MELPS 4|Mitsubishi MELPS 4}} | ||
| + | * {{mitsu|M50430|Mitsubishi M50430}}/{{mitsu|M50440|440}} | ||
| + | * {{mitsu|M50460|Mitsubishi M50460}}/{{mitsu|M50560|560}} | ||
| + | * {{mitsu|M5072|Mitsubishi M5072}}/{{mitsu|M5076|M5076}} | ||
| + | * {{mitsu|M5090|Mitsubishi M5090}} | ||
| + | * {{mmi|5700|MMI 5700}} | ||
* {{national|MAPS|National MAPS}} | * {{national|MAPS|National MAPS}} | ||
| − | |||
* {{national|COPS I|National COPS I}} | * {{national|COPS I|National COPS I}} | ||
* {{national|COPS II|National COPS II}} | * {{national|COPS II|National COPS II}} | ||
| Line 47: | Line 53: | ||
* {{nec|μPD751|NEC μPD751}} | * {{nec|μPD751|NEC μPD751}} | ||
* {{nec|μPD707|NEC μPD707}} | * {{nec|μPD707|NEC μPD707}} | ||
| − | * {{ | + | * {{nec|μPD7500|NEC μPD7500}} |
| − | * {{ | + | * {{nec|μPD75000|NEC μPD75000}} |
| − | * {{ | + | * {{oki|OLMS-40|OKI OLMS-40}}/{{oki|OLMS-50|50}}/{{oki|OLMS-60|60}}/{{oki|OLMS-64|64}}/{{oki|OLMS-65|65}} |
| − | * | + | * {{oki|OLMS-63K|OKI OLMS-63K}} |
| − | * | + | * {{oki|OLMS-64K|OKI OLMS-64K}} |
| − | * {{rockwell|PPS-4 | + | * {{rockwell|PPS-4-1|Rockwell PPS-4/1}} |
| − | * [[Sanyo | + | * [[Sanyo LC65]] |
| − | * [[Sanyo | + | * [[Sanyo 66xx]] |
| − | * [[Sanyo | + | * [[Sanyo LM64xx]] |
| − | * [[ | + | * {{sharp|SM|Sharp SM}} |
| − | * | + | * [[Sony SPC500]] |
| − | * | + | * {{ti|TMS1000|TI TMS1000}} |
| + | * {{toshiba|T3400|Toshiba T3400}} | ||
| + | * {{toshiba|TLCS-42|Toshiba TLCS-42}} | ||
| + | * {{toshiba|TLCS-43|Toshiba TLCS-43}} | ||
| + | * {{toshiba|TLCS-46A|Toshiba TLCS-46A}} | ||
| + | * {{toshiba|TLCS-47|Toshiba TLCS-47}} | ||
| + | * {{toshiba|TLCS-470|Toshiba TLCS-470}} | ||
* {{wd|CR1872 series|WD CR1872}} | * {{wd|CR1872 series|WD CR1872}} | ||
* {{wd|WD4200|WD WD4200}} | * {{wd|WD4200|WD WD4200}} | ||
| + | * {{bell|BELLMAC-4|Bell Labs BELLMAC-4}} | ||
[[Category:4-bit microprocessors]] | [[Category:4-bit microprocessors]] | ||
Latest revision as of 09:37, 12 December 2020
The 4-bit architecture is a microprocessor or computer architecture that has a datapath width or a highest operand width of 4 bits or a nibble. These architectures typically have a matching register file with registers width of 4 bits and 4-8-bit wide addresses.
Industry[edit]
Most of the first microprocessors during the early 1970s had 4-bit word sizes. Both the Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor, and the 4040 had a 4-bit word length, but had 8-bit instructions. Some of the first microcontrollers such as the TMS1000 made by Texas Instruments and NEC's μPD751 also had 4-bit words. 4-bit word were proven to be very limiting and by 1974 there was a shift to larger architectures such as 8- and 12- bit architectures.
In the microcontroller domain, the story is a little different. 4-bit microcontrollers found their way into many battery-powered and low power instruments and devices. Some 4-bit chips such as the Atmel MARC4 continued to be manufactured until very recently (2010s), those devices aimed directly at wireless devices such as RFID-related applications. Other 4-bit MCUs are still made to date such as the Epson's S1C60 and S1C63 MCU families. Modern 4-bit microprocessors, however, are much different from the first generation microprocessors of the 1970s - in terms of architecture, performance, and overall capabilities.
Applications[edit]
Most of the early 4-bit microprocessors were used almost exclusively in calculators and toys, later on for various utilities, video games, controllers, and early computers. 4 bits was a logical choice for many calculators that used BDC numbers representation.
Today, 4-bit chips such as S1C60 family are still manufactured are used in many low-power devices, wireless tools, and internet of things. Until recently Atmel's MARC4 was also a large player in the low-power RF/IR wireless market.
4-bit microprocessors[edit]
- AMD Am2900
- AMI 9209
- Fairchild 4700
- Fairchild 9400
- Fairchild PPS-25
- HP Saturn (64-bit register, 4-bit data path)
- Intel 4004 (HD35404)
- Intel 4040
- Motorola 10800
- National IMP-4
- Rockwell PPS-4
4-bit microcontrollers[edit]
- Atmel MARC4
- AMI S2000
- Epson S1C60
- Epson S1C63
- Fujitsu MB88200
- Fujitsu MB8840/400
- Fujitsu MB8850/500
- Hitachi HD404720
- Hitachi HMCS40
- Hitachi HMCS400
- ITT 7150
- Matsushita MN1400
- Matsushita MN1500
- Matsushita MN1700
- Mitsubishi MELPS 4
- Mitsubishi M50430/440
- Mitsubishi M50460/560
- Mitsubishi M5072/M5076
- Mitsubishi M5090
- MMI 5700
- National MAPS
- National COPS I
- National COPS II
- NEC 17K
- NEC μCOM-4
- NEC μPD751
- NEC μPD707
- NEC μPD7500
- NEC μPD75000
- OKI OLMS-40/50/60/64/65
- OKI OLMS-63K
- OKI OLMS-64K
- Rockwell PPS-4/1
- Sanyo LC65
- Sanyo 66xx
- Sanyo LM64xx
- Sharp SM
- Sony SPC500
- TI TMS1000
- Toshiba T3400
- Toshiba TLCS-42
- Toshiba TLCS-43
- Toshiba TLCS-46A
- Toshiba TLCS-47
- Toshiba TLCS-470
- WD CR1872
- WD WD4200
- Bell Labs BELLMAC-4