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POWER9 µarch
General Info
Arch Type	CPU
Designer	IBM
Manufacturer	GlobalFoundries
Introduction	August, 2017
Phase-out	August, 2018
Process	14 nm
Core Configs	24
Pipeline
Type	Superscalar
Speculative	Yes
Reg Renaming	Yes
Stages	12-16
Instructions
ISA	Power ISA v3.0
Cache
L1I Cache	32 KiB/core
L1D Cache	32 KiB/core
L2 Cache	512 KiB/core
L3 Cache	120 MiB/chip
Succession
POWER8+ POWER10

POWER9 is IBM's successor to POWER8, a 14 nm microarchitecture for Power-based server microprocessors that is set to be introduced in the 2nd half of 2017. POWER9-based processors are branded under the POWER9 family.

Process Technology

POWER9-based microprocessors are fabricated on GlobalFoundries's High-Performance 14 nm (14HP) FinFET Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) process. The process was designed by IBM at what used to be their East Fishkill, New York fab which has since been sold to GlobalFoundries.

Compatibility

Initial support for POWER9 started with Linux Kernel 4.8.

Vendor	OS	Version	Notes
IBM	AIX	7.?	Support
	IBM i	?	Support
Linux	Linux	Kernel 4.8	Initial Support
Wind River	VxWorks	VxWorks 7.?	Support

Compiler support

Compiler	CPU	Arch-Favorable
GCC	-mcpu=pwr9	-mtune=pwr9
LLVM	-mcpu=pwr9	-mtune=pwr9
XL C/C++	-mcpu=pwr9	-mtune=pwr9

Variations

IBM offers POWER9 in two flavors: Scale-Out (SO) and Scale-Up (SU). The Scale-Out variations are design for traditional datacenter clusters utilizing single- and -dual sockets setups. The Scale-Up variations are designed for NUMA servers with four sockets and up, supporting large memory and throughput.

For the Scale-Out there are two variations, a 12-core SMT8 model and a 24-core SMT4 model. The SMT4 is optimized for Linux Ecosystem whereas the SMT8 is said to be optimized for the PowerVM Ecosystem community (AIX / IBM i customers). Those models support up to 8 channels of DDR4 memory for up to 4 TiB of DDR4-2667 memory (per socket). Those models offer up to 120 GiB/s of sustained bandwidth.

	Linux Ecosystem	PowerVM Ecosystem
	24-core / 96 Threads	12-core / 96 Threads
Scale-Out (SO)

For the Scale-Up there are two variations, a 12-core SMT8 model and a 24-core SMT4 model. The SMT4 is optimized for Linux Ecosystem whereas the SMT8 is said to be optimized for the PowerVM Ecosystem community (AIX / IBM i customers). Those models continue to support IBM's agnostic memory interface powered by IBM's POWER memory buffer products enabling up to 8 TiB per socket and up to 230 GiB/s of sustained bandwidth.

	Linux Ecosystem	PowerVM Ecosystem
	24-core / 96 Threads	12-core / 96 Threads
Scale-Up (SU)

Performance Claims

IBM claims a range of performance improvements for a wide array of workloads. The graph below (provided by IBM) compares POWER9 performance using POWER8 as a baseline. The graph represents a scale-out model of similar specs at a constant frequency.

Architecture

Key changes from POWER8/+

• 14 nm process (from 22 nm)
  • 17-layer metal stack
  • 8,000,000,000 transistors
• Support for Power ISA v3.0
• Higher single-thread performance
• New highly modular architecture
• Pipeline
  • Shorter pipeline
    • 5 stages eliminated from fetch to compute vs POWER8
    • Roughly 5 stages were also eliminated for fixed-point operations
    • Up to 8 cycles were eliminated for floating-point operations
  • Instruction grouping at dispatch has been removed
  • Improved hazard avoidance / reduced hazard disruption
• Improved branch prediction
• Cache
  • 120 MiB NUCA L3
    • eDRAM
    • 7 TB/s on-chip bandwidth
• Hardware Acceleration
  • Enhanced on-chip acceleration
  • Nvidia NVLINK 2.0
  • CAPI 2.0
• I/O Subsystem
  • PCIe Gen4
  • Local SMP - 16 GT/s per lane interface
  • Remote SMP - 25 GT/s per lane interface
    • 48-96 lanes capability
    • IBM's SMP connect for their scale-up systems
    • Also available for the accelerators
• Virtualization
  • QoS assistance
  • New Interrupt architecture
  • Workload-optimized frequency
  • Hardware enforced trusted execution

Block Diagram

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Memory Hierarchy

• Cache
  • L1I Cache
    • 32 KiB, 8-way set associative
    • Per SMT4 Core
  • LID Cache
    • 32 KiB, 8-way set associative
    • Per SMT4 Core
  • L2 Cache
    • 258 KiB per SMT4 core
  • L3 Cache
    • 120 MiB eDRAM
    • 12 chunks (regions) of 10 MiB 20-way set associative
    • 7 TB/s on-chip bandwidth

Execution Slice Microarchitecture

Execution Slice Microarchitecture is POWER9's entirely new refactored core modular design. The same modules were used to build both the SMT4 and SMT8 cores (and in theory scale further to higher thread count although that's not going to happen in this iteration). These modules allow IBM to address the various processor models with support for the different configurations such as bandwidth/lines (from 128 to 64 byte sectors).

A Slice is the basic 64-bit computing block incorporating a single Vector and Scalar Unit (VSU) coupled with Load/Store Unit (LSU). VSU has a heterogeneous mix of computing capabilities including integer and floating point supporting scalar and vector operations. IBM claims this setup allows for higher utilization of resources while providing efficient exchanges of data between the individual slices. Two slices coupled together make up the Super-Slice, a 128-bit POWER9 physical design building block. Two super-slices together along with an Instruction Fetch Unit (IFU) and an Instruction Sequencing Unit (ISU) form a single POWER9 SMT4 core. The SMT8 variant is effectively two SMT4 units.

POWER8	P9 SMT8 (4x Super-Slice)	P9 SMT4 (2x Super-Slice)	Super-Slice	Slice

Acceleration Platform (POWERAccel)

POWERAccel is the collective name for all the interfaces and acceleration protocols provided by the POWER microarchitecture. POWER9 offers two sets of acceleration attachments: PCIe Gen4 which offers 48 lanes at 192 GiB/s duplex bandwidth and a new 25G link which offers an additional 48 lanes delivering up to 300 GiB/s of duplex bandwidth. On top of the two physical interfaces are a set of open standard protocols that integrated onto those signaling interfaces. The four prominent standards are:

• CAPI 2.0 - POWER9 introduces CAPI 2.0 over PCIe which quadruples the bandwidth offered by the original CAPI protocol offered in POWER8.
• New CAPI - A new interface that runs on top of the POWER9 25G link (300 GiB/s) interface, designed for CPU-Accelerators applications
• NVLink 2.0 - High bandwidth and integration between the GPU and CPU.
• On-Chip Acceleration - An array of accelerators offered by the POWER9 architecture itself
  • 1x GZip
  • 2x 842 Compression
  • 2x AES/SHA

Pipeline

POWER9 modular design allowed IBM to reduce fetch-to-compute latency by 5 cycles. Similar number of cycles were also cut from fixed-point operations from fetch to retire. Additional 8 cycles were cut from fetch-to-retire for floating point instructions. POWER9 furthered increased fusion and reduced the number of instructions cracked (POWER handles complex instructions by 'cracking' them into two or three simple µOPs). Instruction grouping at dispatch that was done in POWER8 has also been entirely removed from POWER9.

B0

B1

RES

IF

IC

D1

D2

Crack/Fuse

PD0

PD1

XFER

MAP

VS0

VS1

F2

F3

F4

F5

LS0

LS1

AGEN

BRD

CA

FMT

CA

SMT4 core

Fetch/Branch	Slices issue VSU & AGEN	VSU Pipe	LSU Slices
32 KiB L1I$ 8 fetch, 6 decode 1x branch execution	4x scalar-64b / 2x vector-128b 4x load/store AGEN	4x ALU 4x FP + FX-MUL + Complex (64b) 2x Permute (128b) 2x Quad Fixed (128b) 2x Fixed Divide (64b) 1x Quad FP & Decimal FP 1x Cryptography	32 KiB L1D$ Up to 4 DW Load or Store

Die

Tetracosa-Core

• Tetracosa-Core
• GlobalFoundries 14 nm FinFET Process
• 17-layer metal stack
• 8,000,000,000 transistors
• 695 mm² die size

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References

• Brian Thompto, IBM, Senior Technical Staff Member for IBM POWER Systems, Hot Chips 28

See also

• Intel's Skylake & Kaby Lake
• AMD's Zen
• Qualcomm's Falkor