Semiconductor & Computer Engineering
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Difference between revisions of "microprocessor"
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* '''[[general-purpose microprocessors]]''' - the most common form of microprocessors, not designed for any one specific task in mind. Instead they are designed to support a broad array of operations. | * '''[[general-purpose microprocessors]]''' - the most common form of microprocessors, not designed for any one specific task in mind. Instead they are designed to support a broad array of operations. | ||
| − | * '''[[bit-slice microprocessor]]''' - a microprocessor designed as a module intended to be built up like Lego blocks into a desired word size and architecture as needed. | + | * '''[[bit-slice microprocessor]]''' ('''BSM''') - a microprocessor designed as a module intended to be built up like Lego blocks into a desired word size and architecture as needed. |
* '''[[system on chip]]''' ('''SoC''') - a microprocessor that contains all the components of a computer system, including the extra functionality that would normally be provided by auxiliary chips, which could include things such as [[wireless]], [[ethernet]], [[SD card]], [[ADC]], [[DAC]], [[LCD driver]]s, and [[FPGA]]. SoCs are capable of running full-fledged modern operating systems with all their features. | * '''[[system on chip]]''' ('''SoC''') - a microprocessor that contains all the components of a computer system, including the extra functionality that would normally be provided by auxiliary chips, which could include things such as [[wireless]], [[ethernet]], [[SD card]], [[ADC]], [[DAC]], [[LCD driver]]s, and [[FPGA]]. SoCs are capable of running full-fledged modern operating systems with all their features. | ||
* '''[[microcontroller]]''' ('''MCU''') - a microprocessor that contains a few additional components such as [[RAM]], [[ROM]], and programmable [[I/O]] ports primarily designed to control and drive other electronic equipment. MCUs are designed to be embedded, usually in a highly restrictive environment. They usually consume very little power, may run relatively slow, and typically execute individual task-specific programs. | * '''[[microcontroller]]''' ('''MCU''') - a microprocessor that contains a few additional components such as [[RAM]], [[ROM]], and programmable [[I/O]] ports primarily designed to control and drive other electronic equipment. MCUs are designed to be embedded, usually in a highly restrictive environment. They usually consume very little power, may run relatively slow, and typically execute individual task-specific programs. | ||
Revision as of 18:03, 25 December 2015
A microprocessor (µP, MPU) is a device that implements the core elements of a computer system on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits.
Modern microprocessors typically incorporate the functionality of a clock, central processing unit (CPU), arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit (CU), memory interfaces, interrupts, input/output interfaces, and cache. Specialized microprocessor may also serve as or include graphical processing units (GPUs), signal processing units (DSPs), memory, and various other peripherals.
Contents
History
- Main article: history of the microprocessor
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Functionality
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In the broadest sense, the basic functionality of a microprocessor is to continuously read in digital data consisting of instructions and possibly values; execute them by interpreting the instructions and performing a certain operation on the values; and finally outputs a result.
While the basic functionality is shared among all microprocessors, they vary greatly in the type and size of data they handle, the kind of operations they support, how they perform those operations, their intended purpose, and their performance characteristics.
Classification
Most microprocessors can be classified as one of the follow:
- general-purpose microprocessors - the most common form of microprocessors, not designed for any one specific task in mind. Instead they are designed to support a broad array of operations.
- bit-slice microprocessor (BSM) - a microprocessor designed as a module intended to be built up like Lego blocks into a desired word size and architecture as needed.
- system on chip (SoC) - a microprocessor that contains all the components of a computer system, including the extra functionality that would normally be provided by auxiliary chips, which could include things such as wireless, ethernet, SD card, ADC, DAC, LCD drivers, and FPGA. SoCs are capable of running full-fledged modern operating systems with all their features.
- microcontroller (MCU) - a microprocessor that contains a few additional components such as RAM, ROM, and programmable I/O ports primarily designed to control and drive other electronic equipment. MCUs are designed to be embedded, usually in a highly restrictive environment. They usually consume very little power, may run relatively slow, and typically execute individual task-specific programs.
- graphics processing unit (GPU) - is a graphic microprocessor - a microprocessor that specializes in the creation and manipulation of images through a set of optimized geometric operations. Modern graphic microprocessors tend to be highly parallelized, allowing large blocks of visual data to be processed efficiently.
- digital signal processor (DSP) - a microprocessor that specializes in the numerical manipulation of signals.
Some microprocessors can be a hybrid combinations of a few of the above. For example, a general-purpose microprocessor might come with an integrated GPU, implying an additional graphic processing unit has been added to the microprocessor to enable it to manipulate visual data more efficiently.
Architecture
- Main articles: architecture, microarchitecture, and instruction set architecture
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Word size
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Endianness
- Main article: endianness
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Complexity
- Main articles: risc, cisc, and risc-cisc hybrid
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Components
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Parallelization
- Main article: parallelization
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Instruction-level parallelism
- Main article: instruction-level parallelism
Control parallelism
- Main article: control parallelism
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Multiple cores
- Main article: multi-core microprocessor
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Design
A prototype of a RISC-V microprocessor with the heat spreader removed, showing the exposed die, January 2013
- Main articles: integrated circuit and integrated circuit design
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Computational power
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Families
- Main article: microprocessor family
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Programmability
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See also
References
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