Difference between revisions of "amd/k6"

Latest revision as of 22:10, 1 August 2016

AMD K6

Marketing Logo
Developer	NexGen, AMD
Manufacturer	AMD
Type	Microprocessors
Introduction	April 2, 1997 (launch)
Production	1997
Architecture	Pentium II-compatible superscalar microprocessors with MMX
ISA	IA-32
µarch	K6
Word size	32 bit 4 octets 8 nibbles
Process	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm , 250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm
Technology	CMOS
Clock	166 MHz-300 MHz
Package	CPGA-321
Socket	Socket 7
Succession
←	→
K5	K6-2

K6 was a family of 32-bit x86 microprocessors designed by AMD and introduced in early 1997 as a successor to their K5 line. Contrary to its namesake, K6 design is entirely NexGen's and not based on K5 (See § Overview). K6 lower cost along with superior performance (comparable or better than Pentium II's clock-for-clock) made these processors a viable alternative to Intel's. K6 gained wide acceptance in the PC market.

Overview[edit]

AMD-K6/300AFR

In October of 1995, when AMD was suffering a number of setbacks in their K5 design (so much so that AMD's profitability depended on Am5x86), a small fabless company by the name of NexGen was making headway by announcing their 6th generation x86, Nx686, at the 8th Annual Microprocessor Forum in San Jose, California. The Nx686 was a very advanced microprocessor based on their previous RISC86 microarchitecture which was a RISC core that translated CISC instructions into smaller µops. The chip managed to comfortably take on Pentium, being a superscalar with speculative out-of-order execution and supporting MMX.

Following AMD's late arrival of K5 and additional delays after release due to subpar performance with the first design (SSA/5), AMD was already well into designing their next generation of chips. AMD couldn't afford the same sort of problems with K6 as they did with K5. In 1995 AMD was in bad shape as far as the K5 and K6 designs go; at the same time NexGen had a great product and engineering team but no real outlet to manufacture and sell it (at least not one that could compete with Intel's). On October 21, 1995 AMD announced that they will be buying NexGen for about $857 million in stock.

Following the acquisition of NexGen, AMD simply scrapped their own K6 design and renamed Nx686 K6 instead. The design underwent a number of small modifications: the chip was modified to be bus and pin-compatible with Intel's Pentium, making it a drop-in replacement/alternative to any Intel's Socket 7 motherboard.

Launched in April 1997, the final result was AMD's K6 - an entirely NexGen's designed microarchitecture, bus-compatible, pin-compatible, and software-compatible with Intel's Pentium including superior FPU and MMX support. Selling well under Pentium prices allowed K6 processors to gain widespread acceptance.

Early K6 processors were given PR2 ratings (Pentium II-based performance rating), however the rating system was dropped just a few months later because the chips were performing as well or better than Pentium II processors at the same frequency.

Architecture[edit]

Main article: K6 Microarchitecture

CPGA-321

This section is empty; you can help add the missing info by editing this page.

Developers[edit]

Greg Favor, Chief Architect, NexGen

Die Shot[edit]

This section is empty; you can help add the missing info by editing this page.

Members[edit]

Originally released for Desktops only, after a process shrink AMD released a number of mobile processors as well.

Desktop Models[edit]

,,,,,,,,,,,

Desktop K6 Processors
Model	Launched	Process	Freq	Mult.	Bus	Max Mem	V_CORE	Package	Min T_case	Max T_case
AMD-K6-166ALR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	166.66 MHz 0.167 GHz 166,660 kHz	2.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-166ALYD	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	166.66 MHz 0.167 GHz 166,660 kHz	2.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-200AFR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	199.99 MHz 0.2 GHz 199,990 kHz	3	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-200ALR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	199.99 MHz 0.2 GHz 199,990 kHz	3	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-200ALYD	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	199.99 MHz 0.2 GHz 199,990 kHz	3	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-233AFR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-233ANR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6-233APR	May 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6/266AFR	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	266.66 MHz 0.267 GHz 266,660 kHz	4	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.2 V 22 dV 220 cV 2,200 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6/300AFR	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	299.99 MHz 0.3 GHz 299,990 kHz	4.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.2 V 22 dV 220 cV 2,200 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6/PR2-166ALR	2 April 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	166.66 MHz 0.167 GHz 166,660 kHz	2.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
AMD-K6/PR2-200ALR	2 April 1997	350 nm 0.35 μm 3.5e-4 mm	199.99 MHz 0.2 GHz 199,990 kHz	3	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.9 V 29 dV 290 cV 2,900 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	70 °C 343.15 K 158 °F 617.67 °R
Count: 12

Mobile Models[edit]

,,,,,,,

Mobile K6 Processors
Model	Launched	Process	Freq	Mult.	Bus	Max Mem	V_CORE	Package	Min T_case	Max T_case
AMD-K6/233ACZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2 V 20 dV 200 cV 2,000 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/233ADZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.1 V 21 dV 210 cV 2,100 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/233BCZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	233.33 MHz 0.233 GHz 233,330 kHz	3.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2 V 20 dV 200 cV 2,000 mV	CBGA-360	0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/266ACZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	266.66 MHz 0.267 GHz 266,660 kHz	4	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.1 V 21 dV 210 cV 2,100 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/266ADZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	266.66 MHz 0.267 GHz 266,660 kHz	4	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.1 V 21 dV 210 cV 2,100 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/266BCZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	266.66 MHz 0.267 GHz 266,660 kHz	4	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2 V 20 dV 200 cV 2,000 mV	CBGA-360	0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/300ADZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	299.99 MHz 0.3 GHz 299,990 kHz	4.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.1 V 21 dV 210 cV 2,100 mV		0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
AMD-K6/300BDZ	5 March 1998	250 nm 0.25 μm 2.5e-4 mm	299.99 MHz 0.3 GHz 299,990 kHz	4.5	66.66 MHz 0.0667 GHz 66,660 kHz	4,096 MiB 4,194,304 KiB 4,294,967,296 B 4 GiB 0.00391 TiB	2.1 V 21 dV 210 cV 2,100 mV	CBGA-360	0 °C 273.15 K 32 °F 491.67 °R	85 °C 358.15 K 185 °F 644.67 °R
Count: 8

Documents[edit]

DataSheet[edit]

AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced Processor Multimedia Technology; Publication #20695 Revision E/0; June 1997
AMD-K6 Processor Data Sheet; Publication #20695 Revision H/0; March 1998
Mobile AMD-K6 Processor Data Sheet; Publication #21049 Revision H/0; September 1999

Software[edit]

AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide; Publication #21062 Revision C/0, March 1997
AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide; Publication #21062 Revision E/O, June 1997
Embedded AMD-K6 Processors BIOS Design Guide; Publication #23913 Revision A/0; November 2000
AMD-K6 MMX Processor Multimedia Extensions; Publication #20726 Revision B/0, March 1997
AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced Processor Multimedia Technology; Publication #20726 Revision D/0; January 2000
AMD-K6 MMX Processor I/O Model; Publication #21084 Revision A/0, March 1997

Other[edit]

AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide - Model 7; Publication #21846 Revision H/0; June 1999
K6 AMD PROCESSOR RECOGNITION Application Note; Publication #20734 Revision D/0, January 1997

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 | image             = amd k6 logo.svg
 | caption           = Marketing Logo
-| developer         = AMD
+| developer         = NexGen
+| developer 2       = AMD
 | manufacturer      = AMD
 | type              = Microprocessors
@@ Line 11: / Line 12: @@
 | production start  = 1997
 | production end    =
-| arch              = Pentium-compatible superscalar microprocessors with MMX
+| arch              = Pentium II-compatible superscalar microprocessors with MMX
 | isa               = IA-32
 | microarch         = K6
@@ Line 20: / Line 21: @@
 | clock min         = 166 MHz
 | clock max         = 300 MHz
-| package           = SPGA-321
+| package           = CPGA-321
 | package 2         =
 | socket            = Socket 7
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 | successor link   = amd/k6-2
 }}
-'''K6''' was a family of {{arch|32}} [[x86]] microprocessors designed by [[AMD]] and introduced in early 1997 as a successor to their {{amd|K5}} line. K6 lower cost along with superior performance (comparable or better than {{intel|Pentium II}}'s clock-for-clock) made these processors a viable alternative to Intel's. K6 gained wide acceptance in the PC market.
+'''K6''' was a family of {{arch|32}} [[x86]] microprocessors designed by [[AMD]] and introduced in early 1997 as a successor to their {{amd|K5}} line. Contrary to its namesake, K6 design is entirely [[NexGen]]'s and not based on {{amd|K5}} (See [[#Overview|§ Overview]]). K6 lower cost along with superior performance (comparable or better than {{intel|Pentium II}}'s clock-for-clock) made these processors a viable alternative to Intel's. K6 gained wide acceptance in the PC market.
+== Overview ==
+[[File:KL AMD K6 LittleFoot.jpg|thumb|left|125px|{{\|AMD-K6/300AFR}}]]
+In October of [[1995]], when AMD was suffering a number of setbacks in their {{amd|K5}} design (so much so that AMD's profitability depended on {{amd|Am5x86}}), a small fabless company by the name of [[NexGen]] was making headway by announcing their 6th generation [[x86]], {{nexgen|Nx686}}, at the 8th Annual [[Microprocessor Forum]] in San Jose, California. The Nx686 was a very advanced microprocessor based on their previous {{nexgen|RISC86}} microarchitecture which was a [[RISC]] core that translated [[CISC]] instructions into smaller [[µops]]. The chip managed to comfortably take on Pentium, being a [[superscalar]] with [[speculative execution|speculative]] [[out-of-order execution|out-of-order]] execution and supporting {{x86|MMX}}.
+Following AMD's late arrival of {{amd|K5}} and additional delays after release due to subpar performance with the first design (SSA/5), AMD was already well into designing their next generation of chips. AMD couldn't afford the same sort of problems with K6 as they did with K5. In 1995 AMD was in bad shape as far as the K5 and K6 designs go; at the same time NexGen had a great product and engineering team but no real outlet to manufacture and sell it (at least not one that could compete with Intel's). On October 21, [[1995]] AMD announced that they will be buying [[NexGen]] for about $857 million in stock.
+Following the acquisition of NexGen, AMD simply scrapped their own K6 design and renamed Nx686 K6 instead. The design underwent a number of small modifications: the chip was modified to be bus and pin-compatible with Intel's Pentium, making it a drop-in replacement/alternative to any Intel's [[Socket 7]] motherboard.
+Launched in April [[1997]], the final result was AMD's '''K6''' - an entirely [[NexGen]]'s designed microarchitecture, bus-compatible, pin-compatible, and software-compatible with Intel's Pentium including superior FPU and MMX support. Selling well under Pentium prices allowed K6 processors to gain widespread acceptance.
+Early K6 processors were given PR2 ratings ({{intel|Pentium II}}-based performance rating), however the rating system was dropped just a few months later because the chips were performing as well or better than {{intel|Pentium II}} processors at the same frequency.
+== Architecture ==
+{{main|amd/microarchitectures/k6|l1=K6 Microarchitecture}}
+[[File:AMDK61a.jpg|thumb|right|150px|CPGA-321]]
+{{empty section}}
+=== Developers ===
+* Greg Favor, Chief Architect, [[NexGen]]
+== Die Shot ==
+{{empty section}}
+== Members ==
+Originally released for Desktops only, after a process shrink AMD released a number of mobile processors as well.
+=== Desktop Models ===
+<!-- NOTE:
+           This table is generated automatically from the data in the actual articles.
+           If a microprocessor is missing from the list, an appropriate article for it needs to be
+           created and tagged accordingly.
+           Missing a chip? please dump its name here: http://en.wikichip.org/wiki/WikiChip:wanted_chips
+-->
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr><th colspan="11" style="background:#D6D6FF;">Desktop K6 Processors</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Model</th><th>Launched</th><th>Process</th><th>Freq</th><th>Mult.</th><th>Bus</th><th>Max Mem</th><th>V<sub>CORE</sub></th><th>Package</th><th>Min T<sub>case</sub></th><th>Max T<sub>case</sub></th></tr>
+{{#ask: [[Category:microprocessor models by amd]][[instance of::microprocessor]][[microprocessor family::K6]][[market segment::Desktop]]
+ |?full page name
+ |?model number
+ |?first launched
+ |?process
+ |?base frequency#MHz
+ |?clock multiplier
+ |?bus speed#MHz
+ |?max memory#GB
+ |?core voltage
+ |?package
+ |?min case temperature#°C
+ |?max case temperature#°C
+ |format=template
+ |template=proc table 2
+ |userparam=12
+ |sep=,
+ |mainlabel=-
+}}
+{{table count|col=11|ask=[[Category:microprocessor models by amd]][[instance of::microprocessor]][[microprocessor family::K6]][[market segment::Desktop]]}}
+</table>
+=== Mobile Models ===
+<!-- NOTE:
+           This table is generated automatically from the data in the actual articles.
+           If a microprocessor is missing from the list, an appropriate article for it needs to be
+           created and tagged accordingly.
+           Missing a chip? please dump its name here: http://en.wikichip.org/wiki/WikiChip:wanted_chips
+-->
+<table class="wikitable sortable">
+<tr><th colspan="11" style="background:#D6D6FF;">Mobile K6 Processors</th></tr>
+<tr><th>Model</th><th>Launched</th><th>Process</th><th>Freq</th><th>Mult.</th><th>Bus</th><th>Max Mem</th><th>V<sub>CORE</sub></th><th>Package</th><th>Min T<sub>case</sub></th><th>Max T<sub>case</sub></th></tr>
+{{#ask: [[Category:microprocessor models by amd]][[instance of::microprocessor]][[microprocessor family::K6]][[market segment::Mobile]]
+ |?full page name
+ |?model number
+ |?first launched
+ |?process
+ |?base frequency#MHz
+ |?clock multiplier
+ |?bus speed#MHz
+ |?max memory#GB
+ |?core voltage
+ |?package
+ |?min case temperature#°C
+ |?max case temperature#°C
+ |format=template
+ |template=proc table 2
+ |userparam=12
+ |sep=,
+ |mainlabel=-
+}}
+{{table count|col=11|ask=[[Category:microprocessor models by amd]][[instance of::microprocessor]][[microprocessor family::K6]][[market segment::Mobile]]}}
+</table>
+== Documents ==
+=== DataSheet ===
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 Processor DataSheet (June, 1997).pdf|AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced Processor Multimedia Technology]]; Publication #20695 Revision E/0; June 1997
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 Processor DataSheet (March, 1998).pdf|AMD-K6 Processor Data Sheet]]; Publication #20695 Revision H/0; March 1998
+* [[:File:Mobile AMD-K6 Processor Data Sheet (September, 1998).pdf|Mobile AMD-K6 Processor Data Sheet]]; Publication #21049 Revision H/0; September 1999
+=== Software ===
+* [[:File:AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide (March, 1997).pdf|AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide]]; Publication #21062 Revision C/0, March 1997
+* [[:File:AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide (June, 1997).pdf|AMD K86 Family BIOS and Software Tools Developers Guide]]; Publication #21062 Revision E/O, June 1997
+* [[:File:Embedded AMD-K6 Processors BIOS Design Guide (November, 2000).pdf|Embedded AMD-K6 Processors BIOS Design Guide]]; Publication #23913 Revision A/0; November 2000
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 MMX Processor Multimedia Extensions (March, 1997).pdf|AMD-K6 MMX Processor Multimedia Extensions]]; Publication #20726 Revision B/0, March 1997
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced Processor Multimedia Technology (January, 2000).pdf|AMD-K6 MMX Enhanced Processor Multimedia Technology]]; Publication #20726 Revision D/0; January 2000
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 MMX Processor I-O Model (March, 1997).pdf|AMD-K6 MMX Processor I/O Model]]; Publication #21084 Revision A/0, March 1997
+=== Other ===
+* [[:File:AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide - Model 7 (June, 1999).pdf|AMD-K6 Processor Revision Guide - Model 7]]; Publication #21846 Revision H/0; June 1999
+* [[:File:AMD Processor Recognition (January, 1997).pdf|K6 AMD PROCESSOR RECOGNITION Application Note]]; Publication #20734 Revision D/0, January 1997
+== See also ==
+* {{intel|Pentium II}}
+* {{amd|K5}}

designer	NexGen + and AMD +
first launched	April 2, 1997 +
full page name	amd/k6 +
instance of	microprocessor family +
instruction set architecture	IA-32 +
main designer	NexGen +
manufacturer	AMD +
microarchitecture	K6 +
name	AMD K6 +
package	CPGA-321 +
process	350 nm (0.35 μm, 3.5e-4 mm) + and 250 nm (0.25 μm, 2.5e-4 mm) +
socket	Socket 7 +
technology	CMOS +
word size	32 bit (4 octets, 8 nibbles) +

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