Semiconductor & Computer Engineering
- Variables
- File Handling
- Hash Tables
- Binary variables
- INI Files
- Text Files
mIRC's binary &variables are distinguished from its text %variables by beginning with the & ampersand symbol, while text variables begin with the % percent symbol. They differ from text variables in content, scope, duration, and length.
- They are composed of byte values, which can be any of the values 0-255. Among other differences, they can contain the $chr(0) value, which text variables cannot.
- Their scope is similar to that of local identifiers such as $nick and $rawmsg. They exist as long as the event or script/alias is running, then are deleted. When your alias begins executing or an event is triggered, you must create all binary variables before you can use them. Binary variables continue to exist until the script/alias/event ends or they are deleted with /bunset.
- Binary variables cannot be saved to your variables file (default name is vars.ini) the way global %variables are saved. To preserve them, you must either write them to a disk file, save to a hashtable item, or use $encode to save them to a %variable or hashtable.
- While text variables are limited in length by the 4150 line length, binary variable length is limited by available memory.
Some uses for Binary Variables include:
- holding content which can't be placed into text %variables
- holding content too long to be placed in text variables
- displaying duplicate spaces or non-printable characters like TAB which cannot be seen in echoed strings.
Contents
/Commands and $Identifiers
There are a few commands and identifiers created specifically to manipulate binary variables:
/bset Create or modify binary variables.
/bcopy Create or modify by copying byte values between/within binary variables.
/breplace simple search/replace of all occurrences of a byte value with another.
/btrunc Truncate a disk file at a specific filesize regardless of content or line ending.
/bunset Unset a binary variable prior to end of the script/event.
/bread Read file contents into a binary variable
/bwrite Write binary variable to a disk file
$bfind Search binary variable for pattern of 1-or-more byte values.
$bvar Display contents of binary variables as text or a series of decimal numbers
In addition, other identifiers have been given functionality to accept binary variables as input or output:
/parseline Can use a binary variable as input or output
$cb can output a line or entire clipboard to a binary variable.
$encode Can use a binary variable as input+output
$decode Can use a binary variable as input+output
$regsub Can use a binary variable as output
$regsubex Can use a binary variable as output
$compress Can use a binary variable as input+output.
$decompress Can use a binary variable as input+output.
/hadd Can save a binary variable into a hash table item
$hget Can use a binary variable as output
/hsave Can save a hash table to a binary file
/hload Can load a binary file to a hash table
$crc Can use a binary variable as input
$md5 Can use a binary variable as input
$sha1 Can use a binary variable as input
$sha256 Can use a binary variable as input
$sha384 Can use a binary variable as input
$sha512 Can use a binary variable as input
$hmac Can use a binary variable as input
$com Can use a binary variable as input or output.
Position and Length
Position in binary variables is 1-based, where the first byte value in a binary variable is position 1. This is different than the position used by /bread amd /bwrite to read/write binary variables to disk files, where file position 0 is the position for reading/writing the first byte of the file.
If a binary variable has length N, position N is the last byte of the variable. Because appending to a binary variable requires calculating and writing to position N+1, several of the binary commands allow using position -1 to append to a variable. Also, instead of using $bvar to find the length of a variable, some of them also allow -1 in the length parameter for writing the entire variable.
Unicode
Writing unicode characters to binary variables using the -t switch causes the length of the binary variable to be longer than the length of the text string written to them. Unicode characters 128-2047 add 2 bytes to a binary variable and 2048-65535 add 3 each. When adding text to a variable you can use -ta instead of -t to avoid encoding Unicode characters 128-255 as 2 bytes, but only if the text value being added contains no Unicode characters greater than 255.
//bset -t &var1 1 $chr( 233) | echo -a shows length is 2 -> $bvar(&var1,0) //bset -t &var2 1 $chr(10004) | echo -a shows length is 3 -> $bvar(&var2,0) //bset -ta &var3 1 $chr( 233) | echo -a shows length is 1 -> $bvar(&var3,0) //bset -ta &var4 1 $chr(10004) | echo -a shows length is 3 -> $bvar(&var4,0) //bset -ta &var5 1 $chr(233) $+ $chr(10004) | echo -a shows length is 2+3=5 -> $bvar(&var5,0)
Note: If you add $chr(233) and $chr(10004) as 2 separate -ta commands, you can add character 233 as 1 byte and add 10004 as 3 bytes. In that case the 10004 does not cause the 233 to be encoded as 2 bytes because the strings were added separately:
//bset -ta &var5 1 $chr(233) | bset -ta &var5 -1 $chr(10004) | echo -a shows length is 4 -> $bvar(&var5,1-)
Creating Binary Variables Examples
Binary variables can be created using one of the /commands or $identifiers which accept a binary variable as an output parameter, or by the /bset, /bcopy, and /bwrite commands created for that purpose.
Set &binvar to 99 byte value 0 followed by byte value 255 at position 100: //bset -c &binvar 100 255 | echo -a &bvar(&binvar,1-) Set &binvar to text contents of %variable //bset -tc &binvar 1 %variable | echo -a &bvar(&binvar,1-).text Create or append entire contents of &binvar to &var2 //bcopy -1 &var2 1 &binvar -1 Read entire contents of versions.txt into &versions //bread versions.txt 0 $file(versions.txt).size &versions | echo -a &bvar(&binvar,0) Set &binvar to contents of channel message ON *:Text:*:#: { noop $regsubex(,$parms,,,&binvar) } Set &binvar to contents of clipboard //clipboard $+(abc,$crlf,def) | noop $cb(-1,,&binvar) | echo -a $bvar(&binvar,1-) Read from socket to &binvar on *:SOCKREAD:socket: { sockread 4096 &binsockread }
Modifying Binary Variables Examples
Replace all TAB characters with spaces: /breplace &binvar 9 32 Compress contents of &versions //bread versions.txt 0 $file(versions.txt).size &versions | noop $compress(&versions,b) | echo -a $bvar(&versions,0) encrypt and encode contents of &versions //noop $encode(&versions,bcm,password)
Modifying existing Binary Variables
Binary variables are different than text variables in how you add values to them, and what happens when you add shorter content to an existing variable with longer content. If you add 3 bytes to position 1 of a binary variable with length of 5, the 3 added bytes replace the 3 bytes in those positions, and the values in positions 4-5 remain unless you use the -c switch:
//bset -t &var 1 1234567890 | bset -t &var 1 test | echo -a shows content is test567890 -> $bvar(&var,1-)
The above example could be a string even longer than 10 if &var previously contained a strong longer than 10. If the 1st command used -tc instead of -t, the variable content is chopped beyond the 10 bytes being added. If the 2nd command used -tc instead of -t, the content beyond the 4 bytes being added is chopped.
If you bset values into a variable at position 10, the first 9 positions are undefined, depending whether the variable already existed. If the variable already existed with length 4, the bytes at positions 5-9 are filled with value 0 (not text 0 which is byte value 48). If the variable did not yet exist, bytes at positions 1-9 are filled with value 0.
Binary Variables as Input Examples
display $sha1 hash of contents of &versions //echo -a $sha1(&versions,1) write &versions to disk //bwrite -c test.dat 0 -1 &versions
'local' Binary variables
When using %variables within an alias, you can take advantage of their 'local' scope to safely re-use variable names without worrying about destroying variables used by other scripts or aliases. You can use "/var %a value" in an alias to set that local variable without worrying that you will destroy that same variable name being used by the alias which called your alias, and don't need to worry if your script calls another alias which also uses that same name as a local variable.
However the scope of binary variables means they exist in all aliases called by each other or in the event which triggered their usage. To avoid aliases damaging the contents of each other's binary variables, if an alias needs to create binary variables, and is designed to be called by other aliases which might also be using binary variables, you must defend against destroying the binary variables used by the caller. Two ways to do this are:
- Require the caller send the name of the variable as a parameter when calling your alias
- Create a unique variable name to make it unlikely that another alias would use the same name for a binary variable.
Pass binary variable name to alias, display $bvar output in hex instead of decimal:
//echo -a $BvarAsHex(&binvar) alias BvarAsHex { return $regsubex($bvar($1,1-1000),/(\d*)/g,$base(\1,10,16,2)) }
Create unique name to avoid destroying existing variable:
//var %a $(myalias,$ticks,$ctime) | bset -t & $+ %a 1 test | echo -a $bvar(& $+ %a ,1-).text
See Variables in the Guide for more details on creating dynamic variable names.
Note: If your temporary variable is no longer needed and is lengthy, you may wish to use /bunset to reduce memory usage if you are also creating other lengthy binary variables during that script execution. Otherwise, it will be deleted when the script execution ends.
Saving binary variables
Because binary variables disappear as soon as your script execution ends, if you need to use your binary variable later, you will need to find a way to save it:
- write to a disk file:
//bwrite -c save.dat 0 1 &binvar
- store in hash table:
/hadd -smb binvar_save binvar &binvar
Note: hash tables aren't saved to disk, so you need to save that table to disk:
/hsave -sb binvar_save savebins.dat
... and then reload the binary variable the next time you re-start mIRC:
/hload -sb binvar_save savebins.dat * Use $encode to translate binary data to text, which can be saved to variables or written to disk. <syntaxhighlight lang="mirc">//noop $encode(&binvar,bm) | set %binvar_save $bvar(&binvar,1-).text
Note: $encode translates 3 input bytes (binary or text) into 4 text characters, so you shouldn't try to use this method on binary variables longer than approximately 3000 bytes. Retrieve binary content from text %variable:
//bset -t &binvar 1 %binvar_save | noop $decode(&binvar,bm)