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A '''vacuum tube computer''' is a computer system built primarily using [[vacuum tube]]s and [[vacuum tube logic]]. Vacuum tube switching replaced the earlier [[relay computer]]s from the 1940s. Vacuum tube computer gained traction during the 1950s through the early 1960s. By the mid 1960s [[discrete logic computer]]s superseded vacuum tubes.
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{{title|Vacuum Tube Computer}}
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A '''vacuum tube computer''' is a computer system built primarily using [[vacuum tube]]s and [[vacuum tube logic]]. Vacuum tube switching replaced the earlier [[relay computer]]s from the 1940s. Vacuum tube computer gained traction during the 1950s through the early 1960s. By the mid 1960s [[transistor computer]]s superseded vacuum tubes.
  
 
==Overview==
 
==Overview==
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{{empty section}}
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{{expand section}}
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Early [[relay computer]]s were rather slow - operating at just 1[[Hz]] ((or one switching operation each second). They were cheap and readily available due to their widespread use in telephone systems. Vacuum tubes prove to be a significant improvement over electromechanical relays - operating 1000 times faster. However the performance advantage came at the cost of decreased reliability and maintainance. Tube failure was frequent, running hot and burning out rapidly.
  
 
== Vacuum Tube Systems==
 
== Vacuum Tube Systems==
 
{{expand list}}
 
{{expand list}}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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! System !! Developer !! Company/Institution !! Relay Count !! Year Complete !! class="unsortable" | Notes
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! System !! Designer !! Company/Institution !! Tube Count !! Year !! class="unsortable" | Notes
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|-
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| [[atanasoff-berry computer|ABC]] || [[John Vincent Atanasoff]] || [[Iowa State University|Iowa State University]] || 300 || 1940 ||
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|-
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| [[Colossus Mark 1]] || || [[Post Office Research Station]] || 1,600 || 1943 ||
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|-
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| [[Colossus Mark 2]] || || [[Post Office Research Station]] || 2,400 || 1944 ||
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|-
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| [[ENIAC]] || || [[University of Pennsylvania]] || 17,468 || 1946 || [[relay]]s/[[vacuum tube]]s hybrid
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|-
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| [[manchester small-scale experimental machine|SSEM]] || || [[Victoria University of Manchester]] || || 1948 ||
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|-
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| [[BINAC]] || || [[eckert-mauchly computer corporation|EMCC]] || 700 || 1949 ||
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|-
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| [[EDSAC]] || [[Maurice Wilkes]] || [[University of Cambridge]] || 3,000 || 1949 ||
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|-
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| [[Manchester Mark I]] || || [[Victoria University of Manchester]] || 1,300 || 1949 ||
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|-
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| [[CSIRAC]] || [[Trevor Pearcey]] || || 2,000 || 1949 ||
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|-
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| [[MADDIDA]] || || [[Northrop Aircraft]] || 53 || 1949 ||
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|-
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| [[SEAC]] || || [[NIST]] || 747 || 1950 ||
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|-
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| [[Pilot ACE]] || || [[National Physical Laboratory]] || 800 || 1950 ||
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|-
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| [[Harvard Mark III]] || [[Howard Aiken]] || || 5,000 || 1950 ||
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|-
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| [[SWAC]] || || [[NIST]] || 2,300 || 1950 ||
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|-
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| [[UNIVAC 1101]] || || [[engineering research associates|ERA]] || 2,700 || 1950 ||
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|-
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| [[Ferranti Mark I]] || || [[Ferranti]] || 4,050 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[UNIVAC I]] || || [[eckert-mauchly computer corporation|EMCC]] || 5,200 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[Whirlwind I]] || || [[MIT]] || 12,500 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[Whirlwind II]] || || [[MIT]] || 50,000 || 1951 || Never completed, AN/FSQ-7 a direct derivative
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|-
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| [[EDVAC]] || || [[University of Pennsylvania]] || 6,000 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[WITCH]] || || [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment|Harwell]] || 828 || 1951 || Made with 480 [[relay]]s, 828 [[Dekatron valves]] for math
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|-
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| [[ORDVAC]] || || [[University of Illinois]] || 2,178 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[LEO I]] || || || 5,936 || 1951 ||
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|-
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| [[IAS Computer]] || || [[institute for advanced study|IAS]] || || 1952 ||
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|-
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| {{rand|Model 409}} || || [[Remington Rand]] || 800 || 1952 ||
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|-
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| [[Harvard Mark IV]] || [[Howard Aiken]] || ||  || 1952 ||
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|-
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| [[ILLIAC I]] ||  || [[University of Illinois]] || 2,800  || 1952 ||
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|-
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| [[MANIAC I]] || || [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] || || 1952 ||
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|-
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| [[BESM-1]] || || || 5,000 || 1952 ||
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|-
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| {{ibm|701}} || || [[IBM]] || 4,000 || 1952 ||
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|-
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| [[BESM-2]] || || || 4,000 || 1957 ||
 
|}
 
|}
  

Latest revision as of 02:53, 24 December 2015

A vacuum tube computer is a computer system built primarily using vacuum tubes and vacuum tube logic. Vacuum tube switching replaced the earlier relay computers from the 1940s. Vacuum tube computer gained traction during the 1950s through the early 1960s. By the mid 1960s transistor computers superseded vacuum tubes.

Overview[edit]

New text document.svg This section requires expansion; you can help adding the missing info.

Early relay computers were rather slow - operating at just 1Hz ((or one switching operation each second). They were cheap and readily available due to their widespread use in telephone systems. Vacuum tubes prove to be a significant improvement over electromechanical relays - operating 1000 times faster. However the performance advantage came at the cost of decreased reliability and maintainance. Tube failure was frequent, running hot and burning out rapidly.

Vacuum Tube Systems[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

System Designer Company/Institution Tube Count Year Notes
ABC John Vincent Atanasoff Iowa State University 300 1940
Colossus Mark 1 Post Office Research Station 1,600 1943
Colossus Mark 2 Post Office Research Station 2,400 1944
ENIAC University of Pennsylvania 17,468 1946 relays/vacuum tubes hybrid
SSEM Victoria University of Manchester 1948
BINAC EMCC 700 1949
EDSAC Maurice Wilkes University of Cambridge 3,000 1949
Manchester Mark I Victoria University of Manchester 1,300 1949
CSIRAC Trevor Pearcey 2,000 1949
MADDIDA Northrop Aircraft 53 1949
SEAC NIST 747 1950
Pilot ACE National Physical Laboratory 800 1950
Harvard Mark III Howard Aiken 5,000 1950
SWAC NIST 2,300 1950
UNIVAC 1101 ERA 2,700 1950
Ferranti Mark I Ferranti 4,050 1951
UNIVAC I EMCC 5,200 1951
Whirlwind I MIT 12,500 1951
Whirlwind II MIT 50,000 1951 Never completed, AN/FSQ-7 a direct derivative
EDVAC University of Pennsylvania 6,000 1951
WITCH Harwell 828 1951 Made with 480 relays, 828 Dekatron valves for math
ORDVAC University of Illinois 2,178 1951
LEO I 5,936 1951
IAS Computer IAS 1952
Model 409 Remington Rand 800 1952
Harvard Mark IV Howard Aiken 1952
ILLIAC I University of Illinois 2,800 1952
MANIAC I Los Alamos National Laboratory 1952
BESM-1 5,000 1952
701 IBM 4,000 1952
BESM-2 4,000 1957

See also[edit]


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