Editing microprocessors used in spacecrafts

Throughout the years, [[microprocessor]]s have played a large role in spacecrafts. [[space-qualified microprocessor]]s are designed to be exceptionally reliable and [[radiation hardening|highly durable]]. Due to their unique nature, the same set of chips that have been tested and proven to work are used in many spacecrafts. Below is a list of '''microprocessors used in spacecraft'''.


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== 1950s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Chipset
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1959-1963 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Mercury Friendship7 Bassett Celestia.jpg|200px]] || rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Mercury spacecraft|Mercury spacecraft]] || style="text-align: center;" | None
|-
| '''Description''': The [[Wikipedia:Mercury spacecraft|Mercury spacecraft]], NASA's first human spaceflight, had barely enough space for a single occupant. The spacecraft had no independent maneuvering capabilities - relying completely on the Atlas booster rocket. Because of that, it was unnecessary for the spacecraft to have a dedicated on-board computer. Limited functionality was done by various smaller systems.
|}
== 1960s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year !! rowspan="2" | Picture !! rowspan="2" | Spacecraft !! colspan="5" | Chipset
|-
! style="width: 25%;" | System !! Processor !! Frequency !! Memory !! Weight
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1962-1966 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Gemini spacecraft.jpg|200px]] || rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Gemini Spacecraft|Gemini Spacecraft]] || [[Gemini Guidance Computer]] || [[discrete logic|discrete IC]] RTL || 7.143 kHz || 19.5 KB || 58.98 lb
|-
| colspan="5" | The [[Wikipedia:Gemini Spacecraft|Gemini Spacecraft]] was part of Project Gemini, NASA's second human spaceflight program.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1961-1972 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Apollo CSM lunar orbit.jpg|200px]] || rowspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Apollo spacecraft|Apollo spacecraft]] || [[Apollo Guidance Computer]] || [[discrete logic|discrete IC]] RTL || 2.048 MHz || 4 KB (RAM)<br />73.73 KB (ROM) || 70 lb
|-
| colspan="5" | The [[Wikipedia:Apollo spacecraft|Apollo spacecraft]] was part of the [[Wikipedia:Apollo program|Apollo program]], NASA's third human spaceflight program.
|}

== 1970s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Description
|-
| 1971 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Pioneer 10-11 spacecraft.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Pioneer 10|Pioneer 10]] || The [[Wikipedia:Pioneer 10|Pioneer 10]], which was launched on March 3, 1972, became the first spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. The spacecraft's process were made of individual [[transistor-transistor logic]] chips. A common myth is that the [[Intel 4004]] powered the Pioneer 10, however, this is incorrect. 
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || [[Wikipedia:Pioneer 11|Pioneer 11]] || The [[Wikipedia:Pioneer 11|Pioneer 11]], was launched on April 6, 1973  in order to study the [[Wikipedia:Asteroid belt|Asteroid belt]]. Just like it's twin prob, the Pioneer 10, its CPU was also a custom-designed [[transistor-transistor logic|TTL]] CPU.
|-
| [[File:Skylab (SL-4).jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Skylab|Skylab]] || The [[Wikipedia:Skylab|Skylab]], which was launched on May 14, 1973, and operated until 1979, used an [[IBM System/4Pi]] model TC-1 (Tactical Computer), a miniaturized and hardened version of the [[IBM System/360]] computers.
|-
| rowspan ="2" | 1975 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Viking spacecraft.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Viking 1|Viking 1]] || rowspan="2" | The [[Wikipedia:Viking 1|Viking 1]], the first of two spacecrafts, was launched on August 20, 1975. The [[Wikipedia:Viking 2|Viking 2]], was launched a litter later on September 9, 1975 The computer on-board the Viking Orbiter was the [[Viking Orbiter CCS]], a custom 18-bit TTL computer designed by General Electric. The lander computers, the [[Guidance, Control and Sequencing Computer]], used two [[Honeywell HDC 402]] microprocessors. (A common myth is that the Viking used an [[RCA 1802]], this is incorrect).
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Viking 2|Viking 2]]
|-
|-
| rowspan ="2" | 1977 || rowspan="2" | [[File:Voyager spacecraft.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Voyager 1|Voyager 1]] || rowspan="2" | The [[Wikipedia:Voyager 1|Voyager 1]] and its sister craft [[Wikipedia:Voyager 2|Voyager 2]] were launched on September 5 and August 20 of 1977 and are still operating to date (2014). On August 25, 2012, NASA announced that Voyager 1 entered interstellar space.

Each craft carries three dual-redundant computer systems. The first one, the [[Voyager Command and Control Subsystem]] (CCS), was in charge of general spacecraft sequencing and general health functionality. The second one, the [[Voyager Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystems]] (AACS) used a slight variation of the CCS. The third computer was the [[Voyager Flight Data System|Voyager's data computer]], which was a custom 4-bit CMOS microprocessor.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Voyager 2|Voyager 2]]
|}

== 1980s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Description
|-
| 1981-2011 || [[File:STS129 Atlantis ride to orbit.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]] || The [[Wikipedia:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttles]] uses 5 identical (for redundancy) 32-bit [[IBM APA-101|IBM APA-101S]] microprocessors. The shuttle system was called the [[Space Shuttle Program Data Processing System |Data Processing System]] which was composed of [[Space Shuttle Program Primary Avionics Software System|Primary Avionics Software System]] (PASS), that ran in 4 of the computers and the [[Space Shuttle Backup Flight System|Backup Flight System]] on the fifth.
|-
| 1989 || [[File:Artwork Galileo-Io-Jupiter.JPG|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]] || The Galileo spacecraft uses the [[Wikipedia:RCA_1802|RCA 1802]] CPU.
|}

== 1990s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Description
|-
| 1990 || [[File:HST-SM4.jpeg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991 || [[File:UARS 1.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite|UARS]. The UARS spacecraft used the NASA Standard Spacecraft Computer (NSSC-1), although the various instruments probably had embedded microprocessors.] ||
|-
| [[File:Cartoon CGRO.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory|CGRO]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || [[File:MSTI-1 drawing.gif|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:MSTI-1|MSTI-1]] ||
|-
| [[File:SAMPEX 3.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer|SAMPEX]] ||
|-
| [[File:EUVE Photo.gif|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer|EUVE]] ||
|-
| [[File:TOPEX;Poseidon.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:TOPEX/Poseidon|TOPEX/Poseidon]] ||
|-
| 1993 || || [[Wikipedia:PoSAT-1|PoSAT-1]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || [[File:MSTI-2.gif|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:MSTI-2|MSTI-2]] ||
|-
| [[File:Clementine Deployed.gif|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]] ||
|-
| 1995 || || [[Wikipedia:MSTI-3|MSTI-3]] ||
|-
| 1996 || [[File:FAST.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer|FAST]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || [[File:Mars Global Surveyor.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Mars Global Surveyor|Mars Global Surveyor]] ||
|-
| [[File:Sojourner on Mars PIA01122.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Sojourner_(rover)|Mars Sojourner Rover]] || 80C85 CPU.
|-
| [[File:Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Cassini–Huygens|Cassini–Huygens]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998 || [[File:International Space Station after undocking of STS-132.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:International Space Station|International Space Station]] ||
|-
| [[File:Swas 1.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite|SWAS]] ||
|-
| [[File:TRACE satellite.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:TRACE|TRACE]] ||
|-
| [[File:Deep Space 1 using its ion engine.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Deep Space 1|Deep Space 1]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999 || [[File:TERRA am1.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Terra (satellite)|Terra]] ||
|-
| [[File:Wire.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Wide Field Infrared Explorer|WIRE]] ||
|-
| || [[Wikipedia:UoSAT-12|UoSAT-12]]
|-
| [[File:FUSE 1.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer|FUSE]] ||
|}

== 2000s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Description
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || || [[Wikipedia:Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster II]] ||
|-
| [[File:Mightysat2.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:MightySat-2.1|MightySat-2.1]] ||
|-
| 2001 || [[File:Genesis in collection mode.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || [[File:Aqua satellite simulation.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] ||
|-
| [[File:Rhessi.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager|RHESSI]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2003 || [[File:NASA Mars Rover.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Spirit Rover|Spirit Rover]] ||
|-
| [[File:Opportunity PIA03240.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Opportunity rover|Opportunity rover]] ||
|-
| [[File:Spitzer- Telescopio.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Spitzer Space Telescope|Spitzer Space Telescope]] ||
|-
| [[File:Icesat.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:ICESat|ICESat]] ||
|-
| [[File:Coriolis satellite.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Coriolis (satellite)|Coriolis]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004 || [[File:Rosetta.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]] ||
|-
| [[File:Aura satellite.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Aura (satellite)|Aura]] ||
|-
| [[File:Swift spacecraft.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|Swift]] ||
|- 
| [[File:Artist concept of Gravity Probe B.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Gravity Probe B|Gravity Probe B]] ||
|-
| [[File:File:MESSENGER - spacecraft at mercury - atmercury lg.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:MESSENGER|MESSENGER]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || [[File:New horizons Pluto.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:New Horizons|New Horizons]] ||
|-
| [[File:Artist's concept showing CME sweeping past STEREO.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:STEREO|STEREO]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || [[File:Dawn Flight Configuration 2.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Dawn spacecraft|Dawn]] ||
|-
| [[File:Phoenix landing.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] ||
|}

== 2010s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Picture !! Spacecraft !! Description
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || || [[Wikipedia:GSAT-4|GSAT-4]] ||
|-
| [[File:Solar Dynamics Observatory 1.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Solar Dynamics Observatory|Solar Dynamics Observatory]] ||
|-
| 2011 || [[File:PIA16239 High-Resolution Self-Portrait by Curiosity Rover Arm Camera.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity rover]] || The [[Wikipedia:Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity Rover]] uses a pair of identical on-board computers called Rover Computer Element (RCE), each with RAD750 CPU capable of 400 MIPS.
|-
| 2012 || [[File:Morpheus just after ignition.jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Project Morpheus|Project Morpheus]] ||
|-
| 2015 || [[File:Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR).jpg|200px]] || [[Wikipedia:Deep Space Climate Observatory|Triana]] ||
|}