Editing intel/turbo boost technology

{{intel title|Turbo Boost Technology (TBT)}}
'''[[name::Turbo Boost Technology]]''' ('''TBT''') is a [[microprocessor]] [[instance of::technology]] developed by [[designer::Intel]] that attempts to enable temporary higher performance by opportunistically and automatically increasing the processor's [[clock generator|clock]] frequency. This feature automatically kicks in on TBT-enabled processors when when there is sufficient headroom - subject to power rating, temperature rating, and current limits.

== History ==
Turbo Boost Technology 1.0 was first introduced announced in a white paper Intel published in [[first launched::November 2008]]. It was consequently introduced in the {{intel|Nehalem}} microarchitecture. Turbo Boost 2.0 was introduced later in 2011 in the {{intel|Sandy Bridge}} microarchitecture.

== Mechanism ==
This feature is only available on [[Intel]] microprocessors that support Turbo Boost and have the feature enabled and supported (e.g. most [[operating system|OSs]]). Under various workloads, especially ones that are relatively low in power demands and are lightly threaded or not threaded at all, the processor can take advantage of the headroom by increasing the [[clock generator|clock]] frequency - while staying within thermal and electrical limits. The decision to kick into turbo boost is automatic and algorithmic in nature based on a number of factors such as: estimated current consumption, estimated power consumption, core temperature, and the number of active cores.

The number of '''active cores''', which Intel defines as cores in "C0" or "C1" states ("C3" and "C6" states are 'inactive'), dictates the upper limit. Generally, the more active cores, the lower the highest clock frequency Turbo Boost can allow as it's easier to exceed various electrical limits. For example, a [[dual-core]] 2 GHz MPU may allow a boost of 266.66 MHz (to 2266.66 MHz) when a single core is active but only 133.33 MHz (to 2133.33 MHz) when two cores are active. (Note that if the thermal and electrical limits have been exceeded, Turbo Boost will be limited even further). The notion of active cores is important because disabling [[advanced configuration and power interface|ACPI]] (e.g. C3) in an attempt to beef up performance also has the counter-consequence of potentially reducing single-core performance (as that prevents Turbo Boost from reaching maximum allowable frequency).

Some BIOS may allow for Turbo Boost to be disabled or enabled. Additionally, Turbo Boosts operates under the [[operating system]]'s control and is engaged automatically when the OS requests the highest performance state ("P0"). The amount of time the processors remains in Turbo Boosts depends on the workload and OS requests. When Turbo Boost is active on a single core, it's active on all cores.

=== Upper limit based on active core count ===
The upper frequency limit depends on the active core count and the [[microarchitecture]]'s {{x86|BCLK}}. The turbo frequency per each number of active cores is some multiple (called a bin upside) of the base clock, which is listed below. The exact multiplier is model-dependent.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! µarch !! {{x86|BCLK}} || &nbsp; || µarch !! {{x86|BCLK}}
|-
| {{intel|Nehalem|l=arch}} || 133.<span style="text-decoration:overline">33</span> MHz || || {{intel|Cascade Lake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Westmere|l=arch}} || 133.<span style="text-decoration:overline">33</span> MHz || || {{intel|Cannon Lake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Sandy Bridge|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz || || {{intel|Ice Lake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Ivy Bridge|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Haswell|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Broadwell|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Skylake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Kaby Lake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|-
| {{intel|Coffee Lake|l=arch}} || 100.00 MHz
|}

==== Programmatically ====
The information about the upper limit of Turbo Boost for a specific processor can be obtained programmatically through the use of the {{x86|Model-specific register}}. The value is the ratio (or multiplier) of {{x86|BCLK}}.

For examples as to how it's done, see [https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c#L1421 dump_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits()], [https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c#L1369 dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits()], and [https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c#L1347 dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits()].

==== Example ====
The {{intel|Sandy Bridge}}-based dual-core ''{{intel|i7-2677M}}'' has a base frequency of 1.8 GHz. It also has a Turbo Boost Bin Upside of 11 and 8. Therefore it has a Turbo Boost max frequency of 2.9 GHz for 1 core
: 1,800 MHz + 11x100 MHz = 2,900 MHz,
and 2.6 GHz for 2 cores
: 1,800 MHz + 8x100 MHz = 2,600 MHz.

Similarly, the {{intel|Sandy Bridge}}-based quad-core ''{{intel|i7-2960XM}}'' has a base frequency of 2.7 GHz and Turbo Boost Bin Upside of 10, 9, 8, and 8. Therefore it has a Turbo Boost max frequency of 3.7 GHz for 1 core
: 2,700 MHz + 10x100 MHz = 3,700 MHz,
3.6 GHz for 2 cores
:2,700 MHz + 9x100 MHz = 3,600 MHz,
and 3.5 GHz fore when both 3 and 4 cores are active.
:2,700 MHz + 8x100 MHz = 3,500 MHz

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7" | Turbo Boost Example 
|-
! Processor || colspan="2" | {{intel|i7-2677M}} || colspan="4" | {{intel|i7-2960XM}}
|-
! Bin !! colspan="2" | 100 MHz !! colspan="4" | 100 MHz
|-
| Core Setup || colspan="2" | Dual-core || colspan="4" | Quad-core
|-
| Active Cores || 1C || 2C || 1C || 2C || 3C || 4C
|-
| Turbo Boost Bin Upside || 11 || 8 || 10 || 9 || 8 || 8
|-
| Turbo Boost Frequency || 2.9 GHz || 2.6 GHz ||| 3.7 GHz || 3.6 GHz || 3.5 GHZ || 3.5 GHz
|}

== Supported Processors ==
{{#ask:[[has feature::Turbo Boost Technology 1.0]]
OR
[[has feature::Turbo Boost Technology 2.0]]
|?full page name
|?name
|?microprocessor family
|?microarchitecture
|?first launched
|?base frequency
|?turbo frequency (1 core)=1C
|?turbo frequency (2 cores)=2C
|?turbo frequency (3 cores)=3C
|?turbo frequency (4 cores)=4C
|format=template|link=all|sort=name|order=asc|headers=hide|mainlabel=-|intro=<table class="wikitable"><tr><th colspan="9">Microprocessors with [[intel/turbo boost technology#|Turbo Boost Technology]]</th><tr><th colspan="4">Model</th><th>Base</th><th colspan="4">Turbo Boost</th></tr><tr><th>MCU</th><th>Family</th><th>µarch</th><th>Introduction</th><th>Base</th><th>1C</th><th>2C</th><th>3C</th><th>4C</th></tr>|outro=</table>|outro=</table>|limit=0|searchlabel=See this for a complete list|sep=,|template=proc table 1|userparam=10}}

== See also==
* {{intel|Dynamic Acceleration|Intel Dynamic Acceleration}} (IDA)

[[Category:power management mechanisms by intel]]
designer	Intel +
first launched	November 2008 +
instance of	technology +
name	Turbo Boost Technology +