Semiconductor & Computer Engineering
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A mask or reticle (sometimes photomask and photoreticle) is a quartz plate with opaque and transparent patterns. A mask works much like a negative - by shining light through the mask, the detailed device image can then be projected onto the wafer (see photoresist).
Each individual mask contains a single pattern which when stacked together forms the common electrical elements such as resistors, capacitors and transistors. An entire mask set is then fed into a photolithography stepper which cycle through the set, exposing individual masks to the wafers to form the circuitry needed.
Manufacturing Process
Masks are made using a photomask blank. The mask blanks are made from a finely polished quartz glass which acts as the glass substrate and Chromium atoms which are deposited on top of it to create a light-shielding layer. A coat of photosensitive resin is then used to cover the surface of the mask blank. Using electron beams a circuit pattern is then written onto the mask. Depending on the technique used either the exposed or non-exposed portion of the resist gets removed.
It is during that stage that the mask blank with the writing is finely inspected for quality. If any issues are observed the mask is recycled and gets re-written. If the mask passes inspection the written pattern is then etched. Plasma etching is done via a plasma etcher which sprays ions onto the mask penetration and dissolving the chromium in the exposed areas. Finally the leftover resistant is removed forming the final product - a mask with transparent and opaque patterns.
Reticle limit
Current i193 and EUV lithography steppers have a maximum field size of 26 mm by 33 mm or 858 mm².
