Editing greenwaves/gap8

{{greenwaves title|GAP8}}
{{chip
|name=GAP8
|image=greenwaves gap8 (front).png
|caption=GAP8, front package
|designer=GreenWaves
|manufacturer=TSMC
|model number=GAP8
|market=Embedded
|first announced=October, 2016
|first launched=February 26, 2018
|release price=$5
|frequency=250 MHz
|isa=RV32IMC
|isa family=RISC-V
|process=55 nm
|technology=CMOS
|word size=32 bit
|core count=9
|thread count=9
|max cpus=1
|power=60 mW
|v core min=1 V
|v core max=1.2 V
|v io=1.8 V
|v io 2=3.3 V
|package module 1={{packages/greenwaves/aqfn-84}}
}}
'''GAP8''' is a [[nona-core]] {{arch|32}} [[RISC-V]] ultra-low power microprocessor designed by [[GreenWaves]] and introduced in early [[2018]] for the edge computing and IoT market. This processor, which is fabricated on [[TSMC]]'s [[55nm process|55LP process]], is based on the {{ethz|PULP}} open core. The GAP8 incorporates [[9 cores|nine]] RISC-V cores capable of running at up to 250 MHz along with a [[neural processor]] designed to accelerate [[convolutional neural network]]s (CNN). The GAP8 is said to offer a peak performance of up to 200 MOPS at 1 mW and up to 10 GOPS at a few tens of mW, making it well suitable for long autonomous battery-powered life.

== Overview ==
The GAP8 is a derivative of {{ethz|PULP}}, consisting of three major parts - autonomous peripherals, ultra-low power microcontroller, and the compute engine. The autonomous peripherals are a set of I/Os that can be used while the rest of the system is in deep idle state. The microcontroller and the compute engines sit on two entirely decoupled power domains, consuming power sparingly only when necessary.

The GAP8 has an L2 situated on the MCU side although it's shared by all the devices on the chip, including the cores from the compute engine. Therefore its possible to power gate the entire compute engine without affecting the L2. The L2 consists of four 128 KiB banks for a total of 512 KiB. The L2 can be configured as state retentive (presumably per bank @ 8 µA/bank) so backing up the L2 to flash storage, which consumes fairly significant power, is not needed.

=== MCU ===
The microcontroller block is a fairly standard MCU with many of the standard features. The MCU is situated on its own power domain with the peripherals power switchable and configurable along with the clock generator. It consists of a single system management core (also called a fabric controller by GreenWaves) for tasks such as peripherals and it can double as general purpose low-power core, meaning compute engine can remain power-gated unless absolutely necessary. This core has its own 16 KiB of data cache and 4 KiB of instruction cache. 

The chip features [[nine cores]] (1 serving in the MCU + 8 in the compute engine), all are fully compliant {{arch|32}} [[RISC-V]] cores with support for the {{risc-v|m|integer multiplication and division instructions}} (M) and {{risc-v|c|compressed instructions}} (C) {{risc-v|standard extensions}} (i.e., RV32IMC). Inherited from {{ethz|PULP}} and further enhanced by GreenWaves is the use of the RISC-V standard ISA extension mechanism {{risc-v|non-standard_extensions|to enhance}} the cores and improve performance for DPS-centric operations, specifically operations frequently found in the algorithms executed by the compute engine. Specific instructions were added for operating on [[Convolutional Neural Networks]] (CNNs), [[Support Vector Machines]] (SVMs), [[Bayesian]], Boosting, Visual Location, [[Fast Fourier Transforms]] (FFT), [[Cepstral Analysis]] and various others.

The MCU was designed to feel and behave like any other microcontroller on the market. It can be programmed using the familiar standard GCC/GDB toolchain derived from the one developed by the RISC-V foundation. Currently two real-time operating systems are supported, the PULP OS and Arm Mbed OS. GreenWaves has developed a full set of drivers for both of those operating systems in order to allow access to all the GAP8 peripherals.

The controller has a real-time clock (RTC) that can run at just 70nA low-power standby modes enabling the device to wake-up automatically.

=== Compute Engine ===
The compute engine consists of eight additional cores clustered together to form a low-power but powerful computational engine. The cluster share the same 64 KiB data and 16 KiB instruction caches. The engine sits on an entirely separate voltage and frequency [[power domain|domains]] which can be switched off when not operating or down-clocked to suit a particular workload more efficiently.

Supplementing the CPU cores is a seperate hardware convolution computation engine (HWCE) designed specifically to [[neural processor|accelerates inference calculations]] for [[convolutional neural networks]] (CNNs). It does one cycle 5x5 convolution. HWCE shares the same memory with the rest of the cluster. GreenWaves has software libraries for Deep Learning (CNN based), Image Processing Library (e.g., People counting and Visual Monitoring), data analysis, and encryption optimized for the compute engine.

GreenWaves claims the chip can do up to 200 MOPS at 1 mW and up to 10 GOPS at a few tens of mW, making it particularly useful for a long battery-powered life.

=== Block Diagram ===
:[[File:gap8 block diagram.svg|700px]]

== Cache ==
The GAP8 a private L1 cache for the MCU core which consists of a 16 KiB of data cache and 4 KiB of instruction cache. The compute engine has a shared level 1 cache of its own which consists of a 16 KiB instruction cache and a 64 KiB data cache. Additional, the entire chip shares a 512 KiB level 2 cache consisting of 4 128 KiB cache banks.
{{cache size
|l1 cache=100 KiB
|l1i cache=20 KiB
|l1i break=16 KiB + 4 KiB
|l1d cache=80 KiB
|l1d break=64 KiB + 16 KiB
|l2 cache=512 KiB
|l2 break=4x128 KiB
}}

== Memory ==
The chip supports up to 16 MiB of SDRAM or additional RAM through the HyperBus interface.

== Expansions ==
* 128 Mb/s [[LVDS]] IEEE compliant
* Serial I/Q
* [[UART]]
* Quad SPI Master + additional SPI Master
* [[SPI]] Slave
* [[I2S]] (2)
* [[I2C]] (2)
* Camera parallel interface (CPI)
* HyperBus (External Flash and RAM)
* 32 x GPIOs

== Features ==
* 4x PWM
* 32 kHz external quartz
* Programmable Voltage Regulator
* Real Time Clock
* 2 programmable clocks
* Secured execution support with Memory Protection Unit (MPU)


== See also ==
* [https://fuse.wikichip.org/news/990/the-risc-v-momentum-continues-with-the-gap8-an-iot-ai-application-processor/ GAP8 on WikiChip Fuse]
Has subobject "Has subobject" is a predefined property representing a container construct and is provided by Semantic MediaWiki.	GAP8 - GreenWaves#package +
base frequency	250 MHz (0.25 GHz, 250,000 kHz) +
core count	9 +
core voltage (max)	1.2 V (12 dV, 120 cV, 1,200 mV) +
core voltage (min)	1 V (10 dV, 100 cV, 1,000 mV) +
designer	GreenWaves +
first announced	October 2016 +
first launched	February 26, 2018 +
full page name	greenwaves/gap8 +
instance of	microprocessor +
io voltage	1.8 V (18 dV, 180 cV, 1,800 mV) + and 3.3 V (33 dV, 330 cV, 3,300 mV) +
isa	RV32IMC +
isa family	RISC-V +
l1$ size	100 KiB (102,400 B, 0.0977 MiB) +
l1d$ size	80 KiB (81,920 B, 0.0781 MiB) +
l1i$ size	20 KiB (20,480 B, 0.0195 MiB) +
l2$ size	0.5 MiB (512 KiB, 524,288 B, 4.882812e-4 GiB) +
ldate	February 26, 2018 +
main image	+
main image caption	GAP8, front package +
manufacturer	TSMC +
market segment	Embedded +
max cpu count	1 +
model number	GAP8 +
name	GAP8 +
package	aQFN +
power dissipation	0.06 W (60 mW, 8.046e-5 hp, 6.0e-5 kW) +
process	55 nm (0.055 μm, 5.5e-5 mm) +
release price	$ 5.00 (€ 4.50, £ 4.05, ¥ 516.65) +
smp max ways	1 +
technology	CMOS +
thread count	9 +
word size	32 bit (4 octets, 8 nibbles) +