Editing 5 nm lithography process

{{lithography processes}}
The '''5 nanometer (5 nm) lithography process''' is a [[technology node]] semiconductor manufacturing process following the [[7 nm lithography process|7 nm process]] node. Commercial [[integrated circuit]] manufacturing using 5 nm process is set to begin sometime around 2020.

The term "5 nm" is simply a commercial name for a generation of a certain size and its technology, and '''does not''' represent any geometry of the transistor.

== Overview ==
First introduced by the major foundries around the [[2020]] timeframe, the 5-nanometer [[process technology]] is characterized by its use of [[FinFET]] transistors with fin pitches in the 20s of nanometer and densest metal pitches in the 30s of nanometers. Due to the small feature sizes, these processes make extensive use of EUV for the critical dimensions, along with quad patterning for the fins and double patterning for the rest of the metal stack. Note that Intel [[7 nm process]] is comparable to the foundry 5-nanometer node.

=== Density ===
In terms of raw cell-level density, the 5-nanometer node features silicon densities between 130-230 million [[transistors per square millimeter]] based on WikiChip's own analysis.

:[[File:5nm densities.svg|600px]]

== Industry ==
Only three companies are currently planning or developing a 5-nanometer node: [[Intel]], [[TSMC]], and [[Samsung]].

{{node comp|node=5 nm}}

=== Intel ===
==== Intel 4 ====
Intel 4 process, codenamed '''P1276''', formerly Intel 7-nanometer process, will enter risk production at the end of 2022 and ramp in 2023. On February 8 2017, Intel announced a $7B investment in Arizona's Fab 42 which will eventually produce chips on a 7 nm process. On March 23 2021, Intel announced a $20B investment for two fabs in Arizona, which will produce chips on a 7nm process.

=== TSMC ===
TSMC started mass production of its '''5-nanometer N5 node''' in April 2020. TSMC considers its 5-nanometer node a full node shrink over its [[N7|7-nanometer process]]. In early 2021 TSMC plans on introducing a second version of its N5 process called '''N5P''' which provides additional performance enhancements. 

==== N5 ====
TSMC started its [[risk production]] of the 5-nanometer, '''N5''', node in March 2019. The process ramped in April 2020. The N5 process is a [[full node]] successor to the company's [[N7 node]], featuring 1.84x improvement in logic density.

The N5 node continues to use [[bulk silicon]] [[FinFET transistors]]. Leveraging their experience from 7+, 5 nm makes extensive use of [[EUV]] for more critical layers in order to reduce the [[multi-patterning]] complexity. It is believed that TSMC N5 process uses 11-13 EUV masks in order to replace about 35 immersion layers that would otherwise be required to produce the same pattern without EUV. In other words for TSMC to go from its [[N7]] node to its [[N5]] node would entail going from roughly 87 [[masks]] to 115 masks. The introduction of EUV reduced this number back down to around 81 masks.

[[File:n5-ppa.png|200px|thumb|right|N5 PPA]]
At a high level, TSMC N5 is a high-density high-performance [[FinFET]] process designed for mobile SoCs and HPC applications. Fabrication makes extensive use of EUV at Fab 18, the company’s new 12-inch GigaFab located at the Southern Taiwan Science Park. TSMC says that its 5-nanometer process is 1.84x denser than its [[N7|7-nanometer node]]. TSMC also optimized analog devices where roughly 1.2x scaling has been achieved. TSMC reported the density for a typical mobile SoC which consists of 60% logic, 30% SRAM, and 10% analog/IO, their 5 nm technology scaling was projected to reduce chip size by 35%-40%.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3" | N5 [[PPA]] vs. [[N7]]
|-
! Speed @ [[iso-power]] !! Power @ [[iso-speed]] !! Max speed improvement<br>@ Vdd (eLVT)
|-
| ~15% || ~30% || ~25%
|}
[[File:n5-hmc-fin.jpg|190px|right|thumb|N5 HMC FinFet Device (IEDM 2019)]]
[[File:n5-channel-stress.png|200px|right|thumb|Diffraction pattern for the fully-strained HMC lattice (IEDM 2019)]]
In order to improve the drive current, TSMC introduced a [[high-mobility channel]] (HMC) for its 5-nanometer [[FinFET devices]]. We believe TSMC is employing a SiGe channel for the pMOS devices. It has been suggested that the channel has 37% Ge composition. TSMC says that the HMC delivers 18% performance gain versus equivalent Si finFETs.

[[File:N5 mx rc and vx rc.png|right|thumb|200px|Tightest pitch Mx RC and Vx RC on 5nm was kept at similar levels to N7.]]
Despite aggressively tighter pitches, TSMC says metal lines RC and via resistance have been kept relatively similar to N7. TSMC says this was achieved by "using EUV patterning, innovative scaled barrier/liner, ESL/ELK dielectrics, and Cu reflow." The improvements meant the interconnect RC did not worsen relative to N7 as N7 did relative to N16.

The 5 nm node is expected to deliver a 15% improvement in performance at [[iso-power|constant power]] or a 20% reduction in power at [[iso-performance|constant performance]]. In addition to the ultra-LVT (uLVT) that was offered with [[N7]], there is a new extreme-LVT (eLVT) which can push that 15% up to 25% higher speed at Vdd. Additionally, compared to the standard N5 cells, the HP cell variants can push that performance by another 10% at the cost of density.

The N5 node makes use of a number of [[density boosters]] under a marketing term called "smart hyper-scaling features" (similar to Intel). N5 introduces [[single diffusion breaks]] in order to reduce cell spacing. Additionally, TSMC added the ability to drop the gate contact over the active region (COAG). Although originally experimented with at the N7 node, [[via pillars]] are also used extensively in the N5 node. TSMC makes extensive use of [[via pillars]] in N5 due to the three-fold increase of Mx resistance.

===== SRAM =====
Two [[6T]] [[SRAM]] [[bitcells]] were disclosed by TSMC. The high-performance cell is 0.025 µm² while the high-density cell is 0.021 µm². Assuming a ballpark assist circuit overhead of around 30%, the high-density cells yields an estimate of ~32 Mib/mm² of cache. This an increase of 30% from [[N7]] which is around 24.7 Mib/mm². At ISSCC 2020, TSMC presented a test shuttle with 135 Mib of HD SRAM and additional IPs. Their reported density for the HD cells is similar to our estimates.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed tc1"
|-
! colspan="2" | N5 Shuttle Test Chip
|-
| colspan="2" | [[File:n5 shuttle.jpg|300px]]
|-
| Technology || 5nm HK-MG FinFET
|-
| Supply voltage || Core: 0.75V<br>IO: 1.2V
|-
| Bit cell size || 0.021 μm²
|-
| SRAM macro configuration || 1024x144 MUX4<br>256 bits/BL,<br>288 bits/WL
|-
| SRAM capacity || 135Mb
|-
| Test Features || Column Redundancy<br>Programmable E-fuse
|-
| [[Die size]] || 10mm x 7.98mm = 79.8mm2
|}

==== N5P ====
As with their 7-nanometer process, TSMC will offer an optimized version of their N5 process called '''N5 Performance-enhanced version''' ('''N5P'''). This process uses the same design rules and is fully IP-compatible with N5. Through FEOL and MOL optimizations, N5P will offer 7% higher performance over N5 at iso-power or 15% lower power at iso-performance. Risk production for N5 is expected to start around the second half of 2020 with volume production starting sometimes in 2021.

=== Samsung ===
==== 5LPE ====
Samsung '''5-Nanometer Low-Power Early''' ('''5LPE''') design development completed in early 2019. Unlike TSMC's 5-nanometer node, 5LPE is considered to be only a [[quarter node]] successor to the company's [[7-nanometer 7LPP]] process, delivering 1.3x density improvement through a new [[standard cell library]] as well as new [[scaling boosters]]. Samsung 5LPE process provides different benefits depending on the migration path selected from 7LPP. Moving to a similar [[7.5T library]] will provide 11% performance improvement through various transistor optimizations ([[Low-k spacer]], DC enhancement, etc.). Alternatively, moving to the new [[6T library]] provides around 33% higher density.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="3" | 5LPE [[PPA]] vs. [[7LPP]]
|-
! Speed @ iso-power !! Power @ iso-speed
|-
| ~11% || ~20%
|}

The area benefits come from a single [[track reduction]] in the [[cell height]], [[coag|contact over the active region edge]], and the use of a [[single diffusion break]].

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan="3" | Samsung 5-nanometer 5LPE Design Rules
|-
! Layer !! Pitch !! Scale Factor
|-
| Fin || 27 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Gate Pitch || 54/60 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Metal 1 || 40 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Metal 2 || 36 nm || 0.75x
|-
| Metal 3 || 36 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Metal 4 || 44 nm || 1.0x
|}

Samsung 5LPE provides two main libraries - [[7.5T library]] (HD) for performance and a [[6T library]] (UHD) for the area and power optimizations. The 7.5T library utilizes a relaxed 60 nm [[poly pitch]] with 10 diffusion lines for a [[cell height]] of 270 nanometers. This is identical to the [[7LPP]] library. In the 7LPP process, Samsung also offered a high-density 6.75T cell library with a tighter 54 nm CPP that had 9 diffusion lines. In 5LPP, the new 6T library also utilizes the 54 nm CPP but reduces the diffusion lines to 8 for an even shorter cell height of 216 nm.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan="3" | Samsung 5-nanometer 5LPE Standard Libraries
|-
! Library !! 7.5T HD !! 6T UHD
|-
| Cell Height || 270 nm || 216 nm
|-
| Config || 3p+3n || 2p+2n
|-
| Signal Tracks || 6 || 5
|-
| CPP || 60 nm || 54 nm
|-
| M1 || 40 (Bi) || 40 (Uni)
|-
| M2 || 60 nm || 36 nm
|-
| DB || [[mixed diffusion break|MDB]] || [[single diffusion break|SDB]]
|-
| CB || CB on STI || CB on RXN/RXP edge
|}

:[[File:ss-5nm-cells.svg|1200px]]

With the new 6T library, Samsung is also providing single-fin devices for ultra-low power and always-on circuits.

==== 4LPE ====
The '''4-nanometer Low-Power Early''' ('''4LPE''') process is a continuation of Samsung's 7LPP and 5LPE, inheriting the transistor and most of the ground rules from 7LPP. This is Samsung's last [[FinFET]]-based process. 4LPE features similar pitches to 5LPE but introduces slightly tighter metal pitches.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan="3" | Samsung 4-nanometer 4LPE Design Rules
|-
! Layer !! Pitch !! Scale Factor
|-
| Fin || 27'''(?)''' nm || 1.0x'''(?)'''
|-
| Gate Pitch || 54/60 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Metal 1 || 28 nm || 0.70x
|-
| Metal 2 || 36 nm || 1.0x
|-
| Metal 3 || 32 nm || 0.89x
|-
| Metal 4 || 44 nm || 1.0x
|}

== 5 nm Microprocessors==
* PEZY
** {{pezy|PEZY-SC4}}

* Apple
**[[apple/ax/a14|A14 Bionic]]
** A15 Bionic
**[[apple/mx/m1|M1]]
**M1 Pro
**M1 Max
**M1 Ultra
**M2

* AMD
**Zen 4
**Navi 3

* MediaTek
** Dimensity 8000
** Dimensity 8100
** Dimensity 9000

*Nvidia
** Grace Hopper

*SAMSUNG
**Exynos 2100
**Exynos 1080
**Exynos 1280
**Exynos W920

*Qualcomm
**Snapdragon 888
**Snapdragon 888+
**Snapdragon 780 5g
**Snapdragon 4000
**Snapdragon 8 Gen 1
**Snapdragon 8 Plus Gen 1

*HiSilicon
**Kirin 9000
**Kirin 9000E
{{expand list}}

== 5 nm Microarchitectures==
{{expand list}}

== Bibliography ==
* WikiChip Own Research
* TSMC Technology Symposium, 2017
* TSMC Technology Symposium, 2018
* TSMC Technology Symposium, 2019
* Samsung Foundry Forum, 2019
* Samsung, Arm TechCon, 2019
* TSMC, Arm TechCon, 2019
* {{bib|iedm|2019|TSMC}}

[[category:lithography]]